Burial Site List
A viewset for viewing and editing Burial Sites.
GET /api/sc/burial-sites/?format=api&page=2
{ "count": 102, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/burial-sites/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/burial-sites/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 561, "name": "us_hohokam_culture", "long_name": "Hohokam Culture", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 1500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cemeteries are found in all settlements. Some of the larger settlements such as La Ciudad, Grewe or Snaketown have several cemetery sites. There are some discrepancies between burial sites, such as tombs and pit burials, which indicate that Hohokam was a hierarchical society.§REF§McGuire 2018: 9-11, 20-22. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C9FB2IXT§REF§" }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 578, "name": "mo_alawi_dyn_1", "long_name": "Alaouite Dynasty I", "start_year": 1631, "end_year": 1727 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " “In 1023/1640–1, Muhammad al-Hajj was even able to seize the sovereign power and get himself recognised by Fez and Meknes after his victory over Mawlay Mahammad al-Shaykh b. Zaydan. He won over the Berber tribes, and Mawlay al-Rashid in 1076/1666 found the Bani Mtir against him, allied with the Dilai Abu ‘Abd Allah, and he had to fight them again in 1076/1668. Mawlay al-Rashid seems to have been interested in Meknes, the qasba of which he restored. In burying him in the mausoleum of Majdhub, Mawlay Ismail said he was fulfilling the last wishes of the deceased.”§REF§(Bosworth 2007: 398) Bosworth, Clifford Edmund. 2007. ed., Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden; Boston: Brill. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/HGHDXVAC§REF§" }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 797, "name": "de_empire_1", "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty", "start_year": 919, "end_year": 1125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Cemeteries across the polity." }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 565, "name": "at_habsburg_1", "long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I", "start_year": 1454, "end_year": 1648 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cemeteries across the empire." }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 573, "name": "ru_golden_horde", "long_name": "Golden Horde", "start_year": 1240, "end_year": 1440 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cemeteries, tombs, mausoleums.§REF§Halperin 1987: 125. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VCPWVNM.§REF§§REF§Atwood 2004: 190. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SJXN6MZD.§REF§" }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 360, "name": "ir_saffarid_emp", "long_name": "Saffarid Caliphate", "start_year": 861, "end_year": 1003 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " There were cemeteries throughout the region.§REF§Bosworth 1994: 312. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7W46D62E§REF§" }, { "id": 58, "polity": { "id": 587, "name": "gb_british_emp_1", "long_name": "British Empire I", "start_year": 1690, "end_year": 1849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cemeteries." }, { "id": 59, "polity": { "id": 21, "name": "us_hawaii_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period", "start_year": 1820, "end_year": 1898 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Royal Mausoleum. “During the reigns of the last two Kamehamehas and Lunalilo, approximately a million dollars were spent by the government on public works. The Hawaiian Hotel and Aliiolani Hale accounted for about a quarter of that sum. One hundred and eighty thousand dollars went into the construction of buildings of lesser magnitude—lIolani Barracks, a new prison, Royal Mausoleum, post office, customhouses, warehouses, schoolhouses, insane asylum, quarantine building.”§REF§(Kuykendall 1938: 174) Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson. 1938. The Hawaiian Kingdom. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii. http://archive.org/details/hawaiiankingdom0002kuyk. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QJ4Z7AAB§REF§" }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 574, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_1", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England I", "start_year": 410, "end_year": 926 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cemeteries throughout the entire region and polity duration. Anglo-Saxon cemeteries have been found dating from as early as 425 CE.§REF§(Higham 2004: 6) Higham, Nick. ‘From Sub-Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England: Debating the Insular Dark Ages’, History Compass 2, no. 1 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2004.00085.x. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XZT7A79K§REF§§REF§(Yorke 1990: 7) York, Barbara. 1990. Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203447307. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YXTNCWJN§REF§ “The most widespread evidence from England in the mid-fifth to midseventh centuries is undoubtedly that from cemeteries, to which we must now briefly return. Something between 30,000 and 40,000 graves have been discovered over the past few centuries, sometimes in concentrations of several thousand in a single place.74 This sounds a very large number indeed, but it should be remembered that this material represents deposition over at least two centuries, so reflects perhaps only at most 3,000–4,000 per generation.”§REF§(Higham 2004: 12) Higham, Nick. ‘From Sub-Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England: Debating the Insular Dark Ages’, History Compass 2, no. 1 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2004.00085.x. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XZT7A79K§REF§" }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 566, "name": "fr_france_napoleonic", "long_name": "Napoleonic France", "start_year": 1816, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cemeteries." }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 572, "name": "at_austro_hungarian_emp", "long_name": "Austro-Hungarian Monarchy", "start_year": 1867, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cemeteries across the empire." }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 351, "name": "am_artaxiad_dyn", "long_name": "Armenian Kingdom", "start_year": -188, "end_year": 6 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " There is a lack of evidence over which burial rights were observed during this period. As Zoroastrians, they may have prohibited ground burial as it was thought to pollute the earth, but tombs may have been used by the elite as they were in neighbouring Zoroastrian polities.§REF§Redgate 2000: 82. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4RQ68NKA§REF§" }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": " Cemeteries." }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 606, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_2", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England II", "start_year": 927, "end_year": 1065 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Cemeteries throughout the entire region and polity duration. Anglo-Saxon cemeteries have been found dating from as early as 425 CE.§REF§(Higham 2004: 6) Higham, Nick. ‘From Sub-Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England: Debating the Insular Dark Ages’, History Compass 2, no. 1 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-0542.2004.00085.x. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XZT7A79K§REF§§REF§(Yorke 1990: 7) York, Barbara. 1990. Kings and Kingdoms of Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203447307. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/YXTNCWJN§REF§ “The most widespread evidence from England in the mid-fifth to midseventh centuries is undoubtedly that from cemeteries, to which we must now briefly return. Something between 30,000 and 40,000 graves have been discovered over the past few centuries, sometimes in concentrations of several thousand in a single place.74 This sounds a very large number indeed, but it should be remembered that this material represents deposition over at least two centuries, so reflects perhaps only at most 3,000–4,000 per generation.”§REF§(Higham 2004: 12) Higham, Nick. ‘From Sub-Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England: Debating the Insular Dark Ages’, History Compass 2, no. 1 (2004).§REF§" }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 601, "name": "ru_soviet_union", "long_name": "Soviet Union", "start_year": 1918, "end_year": 1991 }, "year_from": 1923, "year_to": 1991, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": "The Kremlin Wall Necropolis in Moscow. Established in 1917, it served as the former national cemetery of the Soviet Union. The site began as an improvised burial place for 240 pro-Bolsheviks who died during the Moscow Bolshevik Uprising in November 1917 and evolved into a significant location for military and civilian honor, especially during the Second World War. The necropolis is centered around Lenin's Mausoleum and includes the tombs of prominent Soviet leaders such as Stalin, Kalinin, Dzerzhinsky, and Brezhnev.§REF§“Могилы легендарных людей у Кремлевской стены | agava.by.” Accessed November 24, 2023. https://www.agava.by/poleznaya-informaciya/mogily-legendarnykh-lyudey-u-kremlevskoy-steny.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R87AGTQ9\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: R87AGTQ9</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 571, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_2", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1917 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": "In the Russian Empire, cemeteries were not just places of burial but also reflected the religious, cultural, and social aspects of Russian society. They varied greatly in size, design, and significance, with some becoming prominent historical and cultural sites.\r\n\r\nNotable Cemeteries:\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nNovodevichy Cemetery (Moscow)§REF§\r\n “Новодевичье Кладбище .. Онлайн Тур По Некрополю.” Accessed December 18, 2023. https://novodevichye.com/.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XRK5X7XZ\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: XRK5X7XZ</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nTikhvin Cemetery (Saint Petersburg)§REF§“Некрополь Александро-Невской Лавры Кладбища Усыпальницы Санкт-Петербурга,” accessed December 18, 2023, https://lavraspb.ru/.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QZ6VW9WI\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: QZ6VW9WI</b></a>§REF§\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nArskoe Cemetery (Kazan)§REF§“Кладбище Арское - Кладбища Казани,” accessed December 18, 2023, https://cemetery.kzn.ru/cemeteries/8.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/D5UMUI58\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: D5UMUI58</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 600, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_1", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I", "start_year": 1614, "end_year": 1775 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": "In the Russian Empire, cemeteries were not just places of burial but also reflected the religious, cultural, and social aspects of Russian society. They varied greatly in size, design, and significance, with some becoming prominent historical and cultural sites.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nNovodevichy Cemetery (Moscow)§REF§\r\n “Новодевичье Кладбище .. Онлайн Тур По Некрополю.” Accessed December 18, 2023. https://novodevichye.com/.<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XRK5X7XZ\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: XRK5X7XZ</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 783, "name": "in_gauda_k", "long_name": "Gauda Kingdom", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 625 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 781, "name": "bd_nawabs_of_bengal", "long_name": "Nawabs of Bengal", "start_year": 1717, "end_year": 1757 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": "The tombs of Nawabs and their families were often located on palace grounds or their gardens. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/G88NTW2D\">[Ray_Sreemani 2020]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 223, "name": "ma_almoravid_dyn", "long_name": "Almoravids", "start_year": 1035, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 210, "name": "et_aksum_emp_2", "long_name": "Axum II", "start_year": 350, "end_year": 599 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 213, "name": "et_aksum_emp_3", "long_name": "Axum III", "start_year": 600, "end_year": 800 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 74, "polity": { "id": 379, "name": "mm_bagan", "long_name": "Bagan", "start_year": 1044, "end_year": 1287 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"The Bawdwin mines are reputed to have been worked since the tenth century; in addition to the refuse of mining operations there are ruins of roads, stone bridges, settlements, fortifications, and burial sites.\"§REF§(Wicks 1992, 134) Robert S Wicks. Money, Markets, And Trade In Early Southeast Asia. The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems To AD 1400. Cornell Southeast Asia Program Publications.§REF§" }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 308, "name": "bg_bulgaria_early", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Early", "start_year": 681, "end_year": 864 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": "e.g. at Pliska.§REF§(Fiedler 2008, 188) Uwe Fiedler. Bulgars in the Lower Danube Region. Florin Curta. Roman Kovalev. Eds. 2008. The Other Europe in the Middle Ages. Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 76, "polity": { "id": 312, "name": "bg_bulgaria_medieval", "long_name": "Bulgaria - Middle", "start_year": 865, "end_year": 1018 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": "e.g. at Pliska.§REF§(Fiedler 2008, 188) Uwe Fiedler. Bulgars in the Lower Danube Region. Florin Curta. Roman Kovalev. Eds. 2008. The Other Europe in the Middle Ages. Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans. BRILL. Leiden.§REF§" }, { "id": 77, "polity": { "id": 321, "name": "es_castile_k", "long_name": "Castile Kingdom", "start_year": 1065, "end_year": 1230 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": "San Salvador de Oña", "description": null }, { "id": 78, "polity": { "id": 277, "name": "kz_chionite", "long_name": "Chionites", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 388 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "\"Beshkent valley: Among the burial mounds in the Beshkent valley (southern Tajikistan) there are four (two of which are pit type) from the end of the 4 century AD - beginning of the 5th century, which are characterized by unity of rite: cremations outside the tomb, followed by burial of calcinated bones in a small, oval pit, elongated from the south to the north; the same size of pits, lack of ceramics. It is should be noted that in one of the burials an iron dagger without top was found. Mandelshtam, who explored these burials, considers them to the Chionites.\"§REF§KURBANOV, AYDOGDY 2010 THE HEPHTHALITES: ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS. PhD thesis submitted to the Department of History and Cultural Studies of the Free University, Berlin p.41§REF§§REF§Мандельштам 1963 Послекушанские погребения в Северной Бактрии. Краткиесообщения Института археологии 94, p.89-93§REF§§REF§Мандельштам 1964, К истории Бактрии-Тохаристана (некоторые археологические наблюдения). Краткие сообщения Института археологии 98, p.25§REF§ ?“During the war with the Roman emperor Constantius II (317-61; Ammianus 19.2.3; cf. Göbl, II, p. 287), they were responsible for the eastern section of the wall. Their king, Grumbates, lost a son in the battle, and the subsequent funeral ceremonies and cremation were vividly described by Ammianus (19.1.7-19.2.1).”" }, { "id": 79, "polity": { "id": 246, "name": "cn_chu_dyn_spring_autumn", "long_name": "Chu Kingdom - Spring and Autumn Period", "start_year": -740, "end_year": -489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "uncoded", "comment": "Chu had burials--but were they placed in relatively isolated, specialised sites?", "description": null }, { "id": 80, "polity": { "id": 54, "name": "pa_cocle_1", "long_name": "Early Greater Coclé", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": "Cooke writes that the people of the Greater Coclé tradition from 200 BCE to Spanish contact 'buried their dead in earthen graves and low earth mounds'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SM22NI6C\">[Cooke_et_al 2004, p. 271]</a> There was an 'intentionally levelled graveyard' at Cerro Juan Díaz. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SM22NI6C\">[Cooke_et_al 2004, p. 274]</a> Multiple interments, including probable human sacrifices, were excavated at the Venado Beach site, in use from c. 230 to 700 CE. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/R4I9UT96\">[Lothrop_Ekholm_Willey 1966, p. 176]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Q3Z2JZUJ\">[Lothrop 1954, p. 229]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 81, "polity": { "id": 369, "name": "ir_jayarid_khanate", "long_name": "Jayarid Khanate", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1393 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Jalayirid burial sites are an important archaeological source. §REF§H.R. Roemer, ‘The Jalayirids, Muzaffarids and Sarbadars’, in Peter Jackson and Laurence Lockhart (eds), The Cambridge History of Iran: Vol. 6, The Timurid and Safavid Periods (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986),p.9.§REF§ \"Shaykh Uvays’s tomb is located six kilometres southeast of Tabriz at a village called Pīna Shalvār, at the Shādī-ābād cemetery (Gūristān-I Shādī-ābād-i Mashā’ikh). The place is known locally as Zīva-Gulī, and was the final resting place for a large number of sultans and holy men.\" §REF§Wing, Patrick (2016) The Jalayirids: Dynastic State Formation in the Mongol Middle East. Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh. p.121§REF§ \"Hülegü constructed an observatory at Maragha, as well as a castle on the island of Shāhī near the city, where he was buried. According to Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī Qazvīnī, Maragha was the original capital (dār al-mulk) of Azarbayjan before Tabriz. However, during the reign of Hülegü’s grandson Arghun (r. 683/1284–690/1291), Tabriz began to emerge as the primary Ilkhanid city. Arghun built an urban quarter to the west of the city of Tabriz, at a place known as Sham (or Shamb), beginning around 689/1290. The building project included two palaces and a Buddhist temple, as well as a canal to encourage others to build houses in the area. This quarter became known as Arghūniyya, and set the precedent for subsequent building and urban development by members of the Ilkhanid ruling elite. Arghun’s son Ghazan resided in the palace of Arghūniyya, and also began construction of his own tomb in the district of Sham in 696/1297. Around his mausoleum, Ghazan built a number of other public buildings, which came to form the core of the new suburb (shahrcha) of Ghāzāniyya. These structures included a mosque, two madrasas, a hospice (dār al-siyāda), an observatory, a library, a council chamber (dīvān-khāna) and several baths.\" §REF§Wing, Patrick (2016) The Jalayirids: Dynastic State Formation in the Mongol Middle East. Edinburgh University Press: Edinburgh. p.79§REF§" }, { "id": 82, "polity": { "id": 273, "name": "uz_kangju", "long_name": "Kangju", "start_year": -150, "end_year": 350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "unknown", "comment": "No data.", "description": null }, { "id": 83, "polity": { "id": 56, "name": "pa_cocle_3", "long_name": "Late Greater Coclé", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1515 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": "Beginning in the Macaracas phase (900-1100 CE) and peaking in the Parita phase (1100-1300 CE), large burial mounds were constructed around the settlement of El Hatillo. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VC2SNW26\">[Locascio_et_al 2013, p. 127]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DD4A9HF2\">[Isaza_Aizpurúa_et_al 2013, p. 23]</a> The village also had a 'formal cemetery'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VC2SNW26\">[Locascio_et_al 2013, p. 147]</a> Construction and use of burial sites separate from residential areas continued until Spanish contact, as shown by burial urns containing both European and indigenous Central American artefacts, excavated from mounds at El Caño. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NDDUEMMJ\">[Cooke_et_al 2000, p. 168]</a> Cooke, Sánchez Herrera and Udagawa believe these urns would have been deposited 'between late 1502 and 1516-22'. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NDDUEMMJ\">[Cooke_et_al 2000, p. 169]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 84, "polity": { "id": 212, "name": "sd_makuria_k_1", "long_name": "Makuria Kingdom I", "start_year": 568, "end_year": 618 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": "\"At Ballana the burials of seven generations of rulers have been identified up to c. 490-500.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, p. 21]</a> Core region of early Makuria and Alwa: \"high status burials at a number of sites suggests that there were regional centres dominated by an elite class\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2ZCVEFNQ\">[Welsby 2002, p. 22]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 85, "polity": { "id": 55, "name": "pa_cocle_2", "long_name": "Middle Greater Coclé", "start_year": 700, "end_year": 1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": "The elite necropolises of Sitio Conte and El Caño were in use during this period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/359MUBJ3\">[Mayo_Torné_et_al 2016, p. 31]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 86, "polity": { "id": 530, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_a", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Early Postclassic", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1099 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "absent", "comment": "Sources only describe residential sites. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 87, "polity": { "id": 531, "name": "mx_monte_alban_5_b", "long_name": "Monte Alban V Late Postclassic", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1520 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "absent", "comment": "Sources only describe residential sites. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SHF4S8D7\">[Flannery_Marcus 1996]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 88, "polity": { "id": 206, "name": "dz_numidia", "long_name": "Numidia", "start_year": -220, "end_year": -46 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Operating in the manner of Hellenistic kings, they founded capital cities, built monumental tombs, issued coinage, assembled armies\".§REF§(Klingshirn 2012, 29) Wlliam E Klingshirn. Cultural Geography. Mark Vessey. ed. 2012. A Companion to Augustine. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Chichester.§REF§" }, { "id": 89, "polity": { "id": 542, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4_copy", "long_name": "Yemen - Ottoman period", "start_year": 1873, "end_year": 1920 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": "Information on Yemeni graveyards is still needed.", "description": null }, { "id": 90, "polity": { "id": 237, "name": "ml_songhai_1", "long_name": "Songhai Empire", "start_year": 1376, "end_year": 1493 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT", "description": null }, { "id": 91, "polity": { "id": 259, "name": "cn_southern_qi_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Qi State", "start_year": 479, "end_year": 502 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": "\"Southern Qi imperial tombs at Danyang, Jiangsu.\"§REF§(Kuwayama 1991) George Kuwayama. 1991. Ancient Mortuary Traditions of China: Papers on Chinese Ceramic Funerary Sculptures. Los Angeles County Museum of Art.§REF§" }, { "id": 92, "polity": { "id": 271, "name": "ua_skythian_k_3", "long_name": "Third Scythian Kingdom", "start_year": -429, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Burials show \"considerable property and social gradation amongst both the aristocracy and ordinary nomads which reflects the fairly complex structure of Scythian society in the 4th and beginning of the 3rd centuries B.C.\"§REF§(Melukova 1990, 105) A I Melyukova. Julia Crookenden trans. The Scythians. Denis Sinor ed. 1990. The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§" }, { "id": 93, "polity": { "id": 375, "name": "cn_viet_baiyu_k", "long_name": "Viet Baiyu Kingdom", "start_year": -332, "end_year": -109 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Generic Baiyue reference: \"Their custom of crag burial spread even to southeast Asia. Their descendants lived in Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian, Hunan, Yunnan, and Guizhou provinces, and so similar crag burials have been found there. ... None of this is agreed upon by all of the experts. We await their further study of the beliefs and customs of the Bai Yue people.\"§REF§(Walker, Shipley, Malloy, Kailin 203) Caroline Walker. Robert Shipley. Ruth Lor Malloy. Fu Kailin. 1993. On Leaving Bai Di Cheng: The Culture of China's Yangzi Gorges. NC Press Limited. Toronto.§REF§" }, { "id": 94, "polity": { "id": 291, "name": "cn_xixia", "long_name": "Xixia", "start_year": 1032, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": null, "description": "Yuanhao (r.1032-1048 CE) commissioned royal tombs for his father and grandfather.§REF§(Steele 2015, 244) Tracey Steele. Xi Xia. Steven L Danver. 2015. Native Peoples of the World: An Encylopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues. Routledge. Abingdon.§REF§" }, { "id": 95, "polity": { "id": 516, "name": "eg_old_k_1", "long_name": "Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2650, "end_year": -2350 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": "E.g. pyramids. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/LAA3TH5R\">[Bard 2015, pp. 145-155]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 96, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": "Norman England had cathedrals, abbeys, and monasteries with monumental burial sites. These were often dissociated from settlements and served as prestigious places of burial for the elite, including royalty and clergy. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JLVS5BKW\">[Chibnall 1996]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 97, "polity": { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "long_name": "East Francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": "Fulda Monastery:\r\nA prominent burial site for Carolingian nobility and clergy. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GI5MI52S\">[Riché 1993]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 98, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "present", "comment": "Tomb of Sultan Mahmud II, a tomb built by the Ottoman Sultan Abdulmecid for his father Mahmud II in Istanbul, where other sultans and members of the Ottoman Dynasty were later buried. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XDQQHDUM\">[Finkel 2005]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 99, "polity": { "id": 58, "name": "fm_truk_2", "long_name": "Chuuk - Late Truk", "start_year": 1886, "end_year": 1948 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "uncoded", "comment": null, "description": "Gladwin and Goodenough describe graves with references to both native and Christian practices: 'As soon as a person died, female kin wailed, other relatives came bringing gifts of woven fabrics, turmeric, and perfume. Burial might be in the ground or in a mat bundle at sea (since Christianity, in a wooden coffin). After burial, the grave was watched by close kin for four nights to see if the good soul would possess one of them as its future medium. On the fourth day after burial, the deceased's immediate effects were burned and the good soul ascended to Heaven in the smoke. Everyone had two souls, a 'good' and a 'bad.' The good soul came from the sky world and returned there after death. The bad soul became a ghost that might be dangerous and cause illness. By the middle of the twentieth century all of Chuuk's people were at least nominally Christian, either Protestant or Catholic, and Christianity had become the focus of religious life.' §REF§Goodenough, Ward H. and Skoggard, Ian: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Chuuk§REF§ 'Several people drifted back in the neighborhood of the grave, and the nephew of the deceased brought a small wooden cross which he and Andy pounded in at the head of the grave. A little shelf was later erected in front of this and the cross and shelf were decorated with flowers which were renewed periodically, in the days that followed, by Kitty. Kitty brought a small kerosene lamp which was placed by the cross in a wooden box which later received a corrugated iron cover to keep the rain out. She then began bringing sand in a bowl, assisted by two young men of the lineage; this was spread evenly over the top of the grave to give it a neat appearance.' §REF§Gladwin, Thomas, and Seymour Bernard Sarason 1953. “Truk: Man In Paradise”, 165§REF§" }, { "id": 100, "polity": { "id": 424, "name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states", "long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty", "start_year": -445, "end_year": -225 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "uncoded", "comment": "Previously coded as present, but given lack of references and occasional confusion regarding these variables (now clearly defined as \"sites not associated with residential areas\"), safer to \"un-code\" them. EC", "description": null }, { "id": 101, "polity": { "id": 138, "name": "jp_jomon_1", "long_name": "Japan - Incipient Jomon", "start_year": -13600, "end_year": -9200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Burial_site", "burial_site": "uncoded", "comment": "Unknown. The oldest remains, found at Hirasaka Shellmound, date to the Initial Jomon <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4DW9UFZD\">[Naumann 2000, p. 72]</a>", "description": null } ] }