Administrative Level List
A viewset for viewing and editing Administrative Levels.
GET /api/sc/administrative-levels/?format=api&page=12
{ "count": 570, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/sc/administrative-levels/?format=api&page=11", "results": [ { "id": 552, "polity": { "id": 227, "name": "et_zagwe", "long_name": "Zagwe", "start_year": 1137, "end_year": 1269 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Administrative_level", "administrative_level_from": 3, "administrative_level_to": 5, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. King<br> \"the Zagwe seem to have followed the Agaw laws of inheritance, that implied a certain degree of matrilineality, with power passing to brothers and then to nephews of the king, and consequent terminological uncertainty.\"§REF§(Bausi 2017, 109) Alessandro Bausi. The Zagwe. Siegbert Uhlig. David L Appleyard. Steven Kaplan. Alessandro Bausi. Wolfgang Hahn. eds. 2017. Ethiopia: History, Culture and Challenges. Michigan State University Press. East Lansing.§REF§<br>_Court government_<br> 2. \"The Amharic language developed as a court language during the Zagwe period. Several books were also translated into the Geez language. There are also Geez engravings in the walls of the churches of Lalibela.\"§REF§(Getahun and Kassu 2014, 9) Solomon Addis Getahun. Wudu Tafete Kassu. 2014. Culture and Customs of Ethiopia. ABC-CLIO. Santa Barbara.§REF§<br> A fine inscribed metal processional cross and texts written by/for Zagwe kings \"are probably the earliest authentic feudal deeds transmitted to us. Although some survive only in copies, they attest to the existence of a sophisticated administration which demonstrates substantial continuity with the protocols known from Aksumite inscriptions.\"§REF§(Bausi 2017, 110) Alessandro Bausi. The Zagwe. Siegbert Uhlig. David L Appleyard. Steven Kaplan. Alessandro Bausi. Wolfgang Hahn. eds. 2017. Ethiopia: History, Culture and Challenges. Michigan State University Press. East Lansing.§REF§<br> 3. 4.<br>_Regional government_<br> 2. Chiefs \"Agaw local chiefs held key political and military positions\" within the former Aksum polity.§REF§(Getahun and Kassu 2014, 8) Solomon Addis Getahun. Wudu Tafete Kassu. 2014. Culture and Customs of Ethiopia. ABC-CLIO. Santa Barbara.§REF§" }, { "id": 553, "polity": { "id": 222, "name": "tn_zirid_dyn", "long_name": "Zirids", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1148 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Administrative_level", "administrative_level_from": 5, "administrative_level_to": 5, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Ruler<br><br>_Court government_<br> 2. Wazir \"Ibn Rashiq arrived at the Zirid court in Kairouan during the reign of the Caliph al-Mu'izz b. Badis, and soon became one of the leading men of science, letters, and religion in the court circle. He became the protege of the powerful Wazir Abu 'l- Hasan Ali b. Abi 'l-Rijal who was able to promote the young poet and scholar in the eyes of the Caliph.\"§REF§(Knapp 1977, 406) Wilfrid Knapp. 1977. North West Africa: A Political and Economic Survey. Oxford University Press.§REF§<br> 3. \"Employing Byzantine Christians at the highest levels of Zirid administration would have mitigated the risk of collusion with these elements [Banu Hammad of central Algeria and Hilali Bedouins] by members of his own government\".§REF§(? 2012, 503) ? . Tamim Ibn Al-Mu'izz Ibn Badis. Emmanuel K Akyeampong. Henry Louis Gates Jr. eds. 2012. Dictionary of African Biography: Abach - Brand, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br> 3. Treasury Fifth ruler Tamim Ibn Al-Mu'izz Ibn Badis gave a Christian George of Antioch \"authority over the financial affairs of the Zirid state, a position he reportedly held with members of his family until Tamim's death in 1108.\"§REF§(? 2012, 503) ? . Tamim Ibn Al-Mu'izz Ibn Badis. Emmanuel K Akyeampong. Henry Louis Gates Jr. eds. 2012. Dictionary of African Biography: Abach - Brand, Volume 1. Oxford University Press. Oxford.§REF§<br> 4. Manager of Mint inferred 5. Mint worker inferred<br>_Provincial government_<br> 2. 3." }, { "id": 554, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Administrative_level", "administrative_level_from": 5, "administrative_level_to": 5, "comment": "Level 1: King (supreme ruler of the entire realm, oversees all governance, justice, taxation, and military matters).\r\n\r\nLevel 2: Earl (regional governors, rule large territories known as earldoms, responsible for defense, taxation, and enforcing royal law in their regions).\r\n\r\nLevel 3: Sheriff (district administrators, manage shires under the king's authority, responsible for collecting taxes, organizing local defense, and presiding over royal justice in courts).\r\n\r\nLevel 4: Manor Lords/Barons (local administrators managing manors or estates, oversee agricultural production, enforce manorial courts, and collect rents from peasants).\r\n\r\nLevel 5: Village Head (Reeve) (leader of a village, elected or appointed to coordinate local agricultural work, represent the village to the manor lord, and manage disputes). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MXKV3EU2\">[webpage_Home | Domesday Book]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JISXN2HM\">[Carpenter 2003]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 555, "polity": { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "long_name": "East Francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Administrative_level", "administrative_level_from": 5, "administrative_level_to": 5, "comment": "Level 1: The King of East Francia \r\n\r\nExamples: Louis the German, Arnulf of Carinthia, Conrad I.\r\n\r\nLevel 2: Regional Governors (Dukes)<br>\r\n\r\nDukes governed the major duchies, such as Saxony, Bavaria, Franconia, Swabia, and Lotharingia.\r\n\r\n\r\nLevel 3: Counts<br>\r\n\r\n Collected taxes, administered local justice, and raised troops for regional or royal military campaigns.\r\n\r\nLevel 4: Local Administrators<br>\r\n\r\n Local officials, such as vassals, castellans, and judicial officers, served under counts.\r\n\r\nLevel 5: Village Heads (Local Leaders)<br>\r\n\r\nVillage or manorial leaders acted as intermediaries between the general population and higher administrative levels. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/GI5MI52S\">[Riché 1993]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 556, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Administrative_level", "administrative_level_from": 5, "administrative_level_to": 5, "comment": "Overall Ruler<br>\r\n\r\nSultan: The supreme ruler of the Ottoman Empire, holding religious and political authority.\r\n\r\nProvincial/Regional Governors<br>\r\n\r\nVali: Appointed governors overseeing provinces (vilayets). They reported directly to the central government and implemented imperial policies.\r\nDistrict Governors<br>\r\n\r\nKaymakam: Administrators responsible for districts (kazas). They acted as intermediaries between the provincial governors and local officials.\r\nTown Mayors<br>\r\n\r\nMudir: Officials managing towns (nahiyes), often under the authority of district governors.\r\nVillage Heads<br>\r\n\r\nMuhtar: Elected or appointed leaders of villages, responsible for tax collection, census duties, and maintaining order. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/25MGEJGZ\">[Khoury 2002]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 557, "polity": { "id": 465, "name": "uz_khwarasm_1", "long_name": "Ancient Khwarazm", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -521 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Administrative_level", "administrative_level_from": null, "administrative_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>\"Khwarazm for a thousand years before Ibn Sina’s arrival teemed with large, prosperous cities and the walled castles of patricians (dihkans).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VDEDRURK\">[Starr 2013]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 558, "polity": { "id": 78, "name": "pe_cuzco_2", "long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate I", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 499 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Administrative_level", "administrative_level_from": null, "administrative_level_to": null, "comment": "levels. Possibly 2 levels, inferred from Bauer's identification of the polity as a simple chiefdom.", "description": null }, { "id": 559, "polity": { "id": 85, "name": "in_deccan_nl", "long_name": "Deccan - Neolithic", "start_year": -2700, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Administrative_level", "administrative_level_from": null, "administrative_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>Beyond differences in mortuary treatment between adults and sub-adults, \"there is no evidence for Neolithic social differences or ranking in the archaeological record\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/M4E9T7IR\">[Johansen 2014, pp. 1-28]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 560, "polity": { "id": 505, "name": "ir_neo_elam_3", "long_name": "Elam III", "start_year": -612, "end_year": -539 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Administrative_level", "administrative_level_from": null, "administrative_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>\"The main instrument of public administration and governance under the long history of the federal state of Elam was the bureaucracy, which also played a powerful role under the Median and the Persian empires.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BCEG24P3\">[Farazmand 2009, p. 21]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 561, "polity": { "id": 17, "name": "us_hawaii_1", "long_name": "Hawaii I", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Administrative_level", "administrative_level_from": null, "administrative_level_to": null, "comment": "The following refers to Ancient Hawaiki, not Hawaii. The former is the ancestral Polynesian homeland, in the first millennium BCE. It's not entirely clear how much of their ancestral heritage the earliest Hawaiians might have retained. Expert guidance needed.<br>1. *arikiHead of a *kainanga, i.e. a lineage: \"One belonged to a particular *kainanga by virtue of genealogical continuity back to a prominent ancestor, after whom the group was usually named. [...] As best we can infer, in ancient Hawaiki the *ariki played a role that was part secular leader, part priest. He had the responsibility for conducting most if not all of the sacred rituals of the group, including supplications to the ancestors.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NIIVVPB6\">[Kirch 2012, p. 45]</a> 2. *fatuThe individual *kainga household groups were headed by senior family members, probably male in most cases, who were called *fatu.", "description": null }, { "id": 562, "polity": { "id": 140, "name": "jp_jomon_3", "long_name": "Japan - Early Jomon", "start_year": -5300, "end_year": -3500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Administrative_level", "administrative_level_from": null, "administrative_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>The earliest evidence for an administrative system in the region dates to the late fifth century CE <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7YDV5KGG\">[Steenstrup 1996, p. 11]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 563, "polity": { "id": 143, "name": "jp_jomon_6", "long_name": "Japan - Final Jomon", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Administrative_level", "administrative_level_from": null, "administrative_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>The earliest evidence for an administrative system in the region dates to the late fifth century CE <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7YDV5KGG\">[Steenstrup 1996, p. 11]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 564, "polity": { "id": 138, "name": "jp_jomon_1", "long_name": "Japan - Incipient Jomon", "start_year": -13600, "end_year": -9200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Administrative_level", "administrative_level_from": null, "administrative_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>The earliest evidence for a “bureaucratic machinery” appears to date to the late fifth century CE <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7YDV5KGG\">[Steenstrup 1996, p. 11]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 565, "polity": { "id": 139, "name": "jp_jomon_2", "long_name": "Japan - Initial Jomon", "start_year": -9200, "end_year": -5300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Administrative_level", "administrative_level_from": null, "administrative_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>The earliest evidence for an administrative system in the region dates to the late fifth century CE <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7YDV5KGG\">[Steenstrup 1996, p. 11]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 566, "polity": { "id": 142, "name": "jp_jomon_5", "long_name": "Japan - Late Jomon", "start_year": -2500, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Administrative_level", "administrative_level_from": null, "administrative_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>The earliest evidence for an administrative system in the region dates to the late fifth century CE <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7YDV5KGG\">[Steenstrup 1996, p. 11]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 567, "polity": { "id": 141, "name": "jp_jomon_4", "long_name": "Japan - Middle Jomon", "start_year": -3500, "end_year": -2500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Administrative_level", "administrative_level_from": null, "administrative_level_to": null, "comment": "levels.<br>The earliest evidence for an administrative system in the region dates to the late fifth century CE <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7YDV5KGG\">[Steenstrup 1996, p. 11]</a>", "description": null }, { "id": 568, "polity": { "id": 529, "name": "mx_monte_alban_3_b_4", "long_name": "Monte Alban IIIB and IV", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Administrative_level", "administrative_level_from": null, "administrative_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels. Later ethnohistoric records written by the Spanish after 1520 describe the coqui or noblemen who oversaw the villages, as well as the golaba, or “lord’s solicitor” who oversaw the collection of goods and services from the villages.§REF§Flannery, K. V. and J. Marcus (1976). \"Formative Oaxaca and Zapotec Cosmos.\" American Scientist 64(4): 374-383. p376§REF§ However, it is by no means clear that the same system existed several centuries prior." }, { "id": 569, "polity": { "id": 474, "name": "iq_uruk", "long_name": "Uruk", "start_year": -4000, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Administrative_level", "administrative_level_from": null, "administrative_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels. The exact number of administrative levels is difficult to established for the Uruk period, however the researchers deeply believed that administration must have been development and was rather elaborated than simple. These assumptions are based mainly on written records. The vast majority of known tablets are related to administration and use for administration purpose (e.g. as a list of counted goods).§REF§Nissen et al. 1993, 21§REF§ Moreover, the scrutinized analysis of seals and sealings from sites such as Tepe Gawra, Niniveh proved that the administrative system became more centralized starting from the Middle Uruk Period and focused on 'control of local movements and storage of goods'. §REF§Rothman and Blackman 1990, 40§REF§ Moreover, some researchers emphasize that elaborated settlement hierarchy must equal elaborated administrative level: ,influential idea was that at least three tiers of settlement within one settlement system represented an underlying administrative structure with at least three levels of hierarchy.§REF§Rothman 2004, 82§REF§" }, { "id": 570, "polity": { "id": 546, "name": "cn_five_dyn", "long_name": "Five Dynasties Period", "start_year": 906, "end_year": 970 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Administrative_level", "administrative_level_from": null, "administrative_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>1. Emperor<br> \"The most effective way to gain influence at the Later Liang court was to be a palace commissioner.\" §REF§(Standen 2009, 56)§REF§<br>_Central government_<br> 2 Chief Minister Kuo Wei appointed a chief minster§REF§(Standen 2009, 115)§REF§<br> 3. Censor of the Censorate §REF§(Wang 1963, 172)§REF§<br> 3. Vice-President of Civil Office (li-pu) and Vice-President of Finance (bu-pu)§REF§(Wang 1963, 172)§REF§ in the Department of Affairs of State §REF§(Wang 1963, 171)§REF§<br> 3. Secretary of the Imperial Secretariat§REF§(Wang 1963, 172)§REF§<br>_Provincial government_<br>Provinces (tao)<br> Under the T'ang, after the An Lu-shan rebelllion \"the whole empire was divided into provinces (tao) that became an intermediate tier of local administration between the prefectures and the capital. They controlled both military and civil affairs.\"§REF§(Standen 2009, 40)§REF§ Provinces also during the Five Dynasties period.§REF§(Standen 2009, 55)§REF§<br>Prefectures §REF§(Standen 2009, 55)§REF§<br> Kuo Jung \"made no attempt to impose his authority on those few governors who remained effectively autonomous, notably the Ting-nan governors in the northwest.\"§REF§(Standen 2009, 130)§REF§<br>County<br>" }, { "id": 571, "polity": { "id": 548, "name": "it_italy_k", "long_name": "Italian Kingdom Late Antiquity", "start_year": 476, "end_year": 489 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Administrative_level", "administrative_level_from": null, "administrative_level_to": null, "comment": null, "description": "levels.<br>\"The old Imperial machinery of government was taken over by the new ruler, and in all outward appearance things probably went on under King Odovacar much as they had done under Count Ricimer.\" §REF§(Hodgkin 1897)§REF§<br>\"The letters addressed to Odovacar bore the superscription \"To the Patrician Odovacar\", and that was all that the barbarian really cared for. With such a title as this, every act, even the most high-handed, on the part of the barbarian king was rendered legitimate. Nepos and Augustulus were equally excluded as useless encumbrances to the state, and the kings de jure and de facto became practically one man, and that man Odovacar.\"§REF§(Hodgkin 1897)§REF§" } ] }