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"comment": "\"Unlike the Greek and Roman religions, Christianity had moral aspects tightly integrated into its religious framework. It was not easy to convey that novel model (and the related practices), developed in the context of an elitist movement, to the mass membership of the post-Constantinian Church. The new system can be summarized in this way: humans commit all kinds of sins, which destines them for eternal punishment in Hell; humans lack the power to perfect themselves so they can escape eternal punishment; God offers a way out of sin (and its consequences), but humans have to accept His offer; God’s grace works through the practices of the Church, which believers have to follow to escape Hell.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NC2F8S9P\">[Czachesz_et_al 2024, p. 100]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
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"comment": "\"Unlike the Greek and Roman religions, Christianity had moral aspects tightly integrated into its religious framework. It was not easy to convey that novel model (and the related practices), developed in the context of an elitist movement, to the mass membership of the post-Constantinian Church. The new system can be summarized in this way: humans commit all kinds of sins, which destines them for eternal punishment in Hell; humans lack the power to perfect themselves so they can escape eternal punishment; God offers a way out of sin (and its consequences), but humans have to accept His offer; God’s grace works through the practices of the Church, which believers have to follow to escape Hell.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NC2F8S9P\">[Czachesz_et_al 2024, p. 100]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
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"comment": "\"Unlike the Greek and Roman religions, Christianity had moral aspects tightly integrated into its religious framework. It was not easy to convey that novel model (and the related practices), developed in the context of an elitist movement, to the mass membership of the post-Constantinian Church. The new system can be summarized in this way: humans commit all kinds of sins, which destines them for eternal punishment in Hell; humans lack the power to perfect themselves so they can escape eternal punishment; God offers a way out of sin (and its consequences), but humans have to accept His offer; God’s grace works through the practices of the Church, which believers have to follow to escape Hell.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NC2F8S9P\">[Czachesz_et_al 2024, p. 100]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
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"comment": "\"Unlike the Greek and Roman religions, Christianity had moral aspects tightly integrated into its religious framework. It was not easy to convey that novel model (and the related practices), developed in the context of an elitist movement, to the mass membership of the post-Constantinian Church. The new system can be summarized in this way: humans commit all kinds of sins, which destines them for eternal punishment in Hell; humans lack the power to perfect themselves so they can escape eternal punishment; God offers a way out of sin (and its consequences), but humans have to accept His offer; God’s grace works through the practices of the Church, which believers have to follow to escape Hell.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NC2F8S9P\">[Czachesz_et_al 2024, p. 100]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
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"comment": "\"Unlike the Greek and Roman religions, Christianity had moral aspects tightly integrated into its religious framework. It was not easy to convey that novel model (and the related practices), developed in the context of an elitist movement, to the mass membership of the post-Constantinian Church. The new system can be summarized in this way: humans commit all kinds of sins, which destines them for eternal punishment in Hell; humans lack the power to perfect themselves so they can escape eternal punishment; God offers a way out of sin (and its consequences), but humans have to accept His offer; God’s grace works through the practices of the Church, which believers have to follow to escape Hell.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NC2F8S9P\">[Czachesz_et_al 2024, p. 100]</a>",
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"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
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"comment": "\"Unlike the Greek and Roman religions, Christianity had moral aspects tightly integrated into its religious framework. It was not easy to convey that novel model (and the related practices), developed in the context of an elitist movement, to the mass membership of the post-Constantinian Church. The new system can be summarized in this way: humans commit all kinds of sins, which destines them for eternal punishment in Hell; humans lack the power to perfect themselves so they can escape eternal punishment; God offers a way out of sin (and its consequences), but humans have to accept His offer; God’s grace works through the practices of the Church, which believers have to follow to escape Hell.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NC2F8S9P\">[Czachesz_et_al 2024, p. 100]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
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"comment": "\"Unlike the Greek and Roman religions, Christianity had moral aspects tightly integrated into its religious framework. It was not easy to convey that novel model (and the related practices), developed in the context of an elitist movement, to the mass membership of the post-Constantinian Church. The new system can be summarized in this way: humans commit all kinds of sins, which destines them for eternal punishment in Hell; humans lack the power to perfect themselves so they can escape eternal punishment; God offers a way out of sin (and its consequences), but humans have to accept His offer; God’s grace works through the practices of the Church, which believers have to follow to escape Hell.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NC2F8S9P\">[Czachesz_et_al 2024, p. 100]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
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"comment": "\"A variety of sources indicate that one form of MSP, supernatural enforcement of reciprocity—including keeping oaths, fulfilling promises, and the proscription of patrons cheating clients—was widespread in Iron Age Italy. Commonalities in Indo-European concepts and language suggest that supernatural enforcement of oaths was already present in Indo-European religion, making it possible to infer its presence in Bronze Age Italy as well (since there is no evidence that this cultural element was first lost and then regained in historic periods); this remains speculative, though, until more direct evidence for the beliefs of early Italians can be found. \" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6N4XAUD7\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 54]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"A variety of sources indicate that one form of MSP, supernatural enforcement of reciprocity—including keeping oaths, fulfilling promises, and the proscription of patrons cheating clients—was widespread in Iron Age Italy. Commonalities in Indo-European concepts and language suggest that supernatural enforcement of oaths was already present in Indo-European religion, making it possible to infer its presence in Bronze Age Italy as well (since there is no evidence that this cultural element was first lost and then regained in historic periods); this remains speculative, though, until more direct evidence for the beliefs of early Italians can be found. \" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6N4XAUD7\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 54]</a>",
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{
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"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"A variety of sources indicate that one form of MSP, supernatural enforcement of reciprocity—including keeping oaths, fulfilling promises, and the proscription of patrons cheating clients—was widespread in Iron Age Italy. Commonalities in Indo-European concepts and language suggest that supernatural enforcement of oaths was already present in Indo-European religion, making it possible to infer its presence in Bronze Age Italy as well (since there is no evidence that this cultural element was first lost and then regained in historic periods); this remains speculative, though, until more direct evidence for the beliefs of early Italians can be found. \" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6N4XAUD7\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 54]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
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{
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"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
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"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
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"comment": "“The concept of divine judgment after death was elaborated and formalized in the New Kingdom in compositions such as the Book of the Dead, chapters 30 and 125 (e.g., Taylor 2010: 205; for a translation, see, e.g., Quirke 2013). […] Chapter 125 of the Book of the Dead shows that punishment or reward after death was thought to be inevitable and targeted at the individual. This could have been the case in earlier periods, but evidence is lacking.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 77]</a>",
"description": null
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{
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"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The concept of divine judgment after death was elaborated and formalized in the New Kingdom in compositions such as the Book of the Dead, chapters 30 and 125 (e.g., Taylor 2010: 205; for a translation, see, e.g., Quirke 2013). […] Chapter 125 of the Book of the Dead shows that punishment or reward after death was thought to be inevitable and targeted at the individual. This could have been the case in earlier periods, but evidence is lacking.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 77]</a> \"[T]he motif of judgment after death, which in principle signifies concern with [moralistic supernatural enforcement], is attested on objects deposited in burials throughout the time from the New Kingdom to the Greco-Roman period [...]. How strong adherence to this conception was cannot be known, but its continued presence is beyond doubt.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 80]</a>",
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{
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},
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"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The concept of divine judgment after death was elaborated and formalized in the New Kingdom in compositions such as the Book of the Dead, chapters 30 and 125 (e.g., Taylor 2010: 205; for a translation, see, e.g., Quirke 2013). […] Chapter 125 of the Book of the Dead shows that punishment or reward after death was thought to be inevitable and targeted at the individual. This could have been the case in earlier periods, but evidence is lacking.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 77]</a>",
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{
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"tag": "TRS",
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"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The concept of divine judgment after death was elaborated and formalized in the New Kingdom in compositions such as the Book of the Dead, chapters 30 and 125 (e.g., Taylor 2010: 205; for a translation, see, e.g., Quirke 2013). […] Chapter 125 of the Book of the Dead shows that punishment or reward after death was thought to be inevitable and targeted at the individual. This could have been the case in earlier periods, but evidence is lacking.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 77]</a> \"[T]he motif of judgment after death, which in principle signifies concern with [moralistic supernatural enforcement], is attested on objects deposited in burials throughout the time from the New Kingdom to the Greco-Roman period [...]. How strong adherence to this conception was cannot be known, but its continued presence is beyond doubt.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 80]</a>",
"description": null
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{
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"tag": "TRS",
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"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The concept of divine judgment after death was elaborated and formalized in the New Kingdom in compositions such as the Book of the Dead, chapters 30 and 125 (e.g., Taylor 2010: 205; for a translation, see, e.g., Quirke 2013). […] Chapter 125 of the Book of the Dead shows that punishment or reward after death was thought to be inevitable and targeted at the individual. This could have been the case in earlier periods, but evidence is lacking.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 77]</a>",
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},
{
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},
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"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
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"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Middle Kingdom literary texts take various approaches to these issues. The Teaching for King Merikare—which some scholars date to the early New Kingdom—frames death, illness, and catastrophes as righteous punishments by the creator god. “He has killed His enemies and He has destroyed His children / for thinking to make rebellion” (Parkinson 1997: 226). Spell 1130 in the Coffin Texts (a corpus inscribed on coffins mainly in the Middle Kingdom) speaks in the voice of the creator god, who claims to have ordered the world through his good deeds: “I made every man equal to his fellow, and I forbade them to do wrong, but their hearts disobeyed what I had said” (Faulkner 1978: 167). In this formulation, misfortune in this life, and by implication retribution in the afterlife, are the consequences of human wrongdoing.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, pp. 75-76]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
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},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Middle Kingdom literary texts take various approaches to these issues. The Teaching for King Merikare—which some scholars date to the early New Kingdom—frames death, illness, and catastrophes as righteous punishments by the creator god. “He has killed His enemies and He has destroyed His children / for thinking to make rebellion” (Parkinson 1997: 226). Spell 1130 in the Coffin Texts (a corpus inscribed on coffins mainly in the Middle Kingdom) speaks in the voice of the creator god, who claims to have ordered the world through his good deeds: “I made every man equal to his fellow, and I forbade them to do wrong, but their hearts disobeyed what I had said” (Faulkner 1978: 167). In this formulation, misfortune in this life, and by implication retribution in the afterlife, are the consequences of human wrongdoing.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, pp. 75-76]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 378,
"polity": {
"id": 518,
"name": "eg_regions",
"long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions",
"start_year": -2150,
"end_year": -2016
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Middle Kingdom literary texts take various approaches to these issues. The Teaching for King Merikare—which some scholars date to the early New Kingdom—frames death, illness, and catastrophes as righteous punishments by the creator god. “He has killed His enemies and He has destroyed His children / for thinking to make rebellion” (Parkinson 1997: 226). Spell 1130 in the Coffin Texts (a corpus inscribed on coffins mainly in the Middle Kingdom) speaks in the voice of the creator god, who claims to have ordered the world through his good deeds: “I made every man equal to his fellow, and I forbade them to do wrong, but their hearts disobeyed what I had said” (Faulkner 1978: 167). In this formulation, misfortune in this life, and by implication retribution in the afterlife, are the consequences of human wrongdoing.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, pp. 75-76]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
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"end_year": -1180
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"During the Hittite New Kingdom (1344–1180 BCE), sins such as theft, murder (particularly the murder of family members), and oath violation (as well as a number of ritual transgressions) were all thought to result in divine punishment through earthly misfortune (Bryce 2002: 139–40; Collins 2007: 91, 178–9).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NDGF9JRC\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 135]</a>",
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{
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"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"During the Hittite New Kingdom (1344–1180 BCE), sins such as theft, murder (particularly the murder of family members), and oath violation (as well as a number of ritual transgressions) were all thought to result in divine punishment through earthly misfortune (Bryce 2002: 139–40; Collins 2007: 91, 178–9).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NDGF9JRC\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 135]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 381,
"polity": {
"id": 162,
"name": "tr_hatti_old_k",
"long_name": "Hatti - Old Kingdom",
"start_year": -1650,
"end_year": -1500
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"During the Hittite New Kingdom (1344–1180 BCE), sins such as theft, murder (particularly the murder of family members), and oath violation (as well as a number of ritual transgressions) were all thought to result in divine punishment through earthly misfortune (Bryce 2002: 139–40; Collins 2007: 91, 178–9).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NDGF9JRC\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 135]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 382,
"polity": {
"id": 476,
"name": "iq_akkad_emp",
"long_name": "Akkadian Empire",
"start_year": -2270,
"end_year": -2083
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Written evidence for the belief that specific gods punished moral transgressions (in the earliest known texts, the breaking of oaths) dates to the Early Dynastic period (2900-2350 BCE). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/96WUW2P8\">[Cunningham 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 383,
"polity": {
"id": 346,
"name": "iq_neo_babylonian_emp",
"long_name": "Neo-Babylonian Empire",
"start_year": -626,
"end_year": -539
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Written evidence for the belief that specific gods punished moral transgressions (in the earliest known texts, the breaking of oaths) dates to the Early Dynastic period (2900-2350 BCE). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/96WUW2P8\">[Cunningham 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 384,
"polity": {
"id": 477,
"name": "iq_ur_dyn_3",
"long_name": "Ur - Dynasty III",
"start_year": -2112,
"end_year": -2004
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Written evidence for the belief that specific gods punished moral transgressions (in the earliest known texts, the breaking of oaths) dates to the Early Dynastic period (2900-2350 BCE). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/96WUW2P8\">[Cunningham 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 385,
"polity": {
"id": 478,
"name": "iq_isin_larsa",
"long_name": "Isin-Larsa",
"start_year": -2004,
"end_year": -1763
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Written evidence for the belief that specific gods punished moral transgressions (in the earliest known texts, the breaking of oaths) dates to the Early Dynastic period (2900-2350 BCE). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/96WUW2P8\">[Cunningham 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 386,
"polity": {
"id": 482,
"name": "iq_dynasty_e",
"long_name": "Dynasty of E",
"start_year": -979,
"end_year": -732
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Written evidence for the belief that specific gods punished moral transgressions (in the earliest known texts, the breaking of oaths) dates to the Early Dynastic period (2900-2350 BCE). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/96WUW2P8\">[Cunningham 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 387,
"polity": {
"id": 481,
"name": "iq_bazi_dyn",
"long_name": "Bazi Dynasty",
"start_year": -1005,
"end_year": -986
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Written evidence for the belief that specific gods punished moral transgressions (in the earliest known texts, the breaking of oaths) dates to the Early Dynastic period (2900-2350 BCE). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/96WUW2P8\">[Cunningham 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 388,
"polity": {
"id": 106,
"name": "iq_neo_assyrian_emp",
"long_name": "Neo-Assyrian Empire",
"start_year": -911,
"end_year": -612
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Written evidence for the belief that specific gods punished moral transgressions (in the earliest known texts, the breaking of oaths) dates to the Early Dynastic period (2900-2350 BCE). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/96WUW2P8\">[Cunningham 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 389,
"polity": {
"id": 479,
"name": "iq_babylonia_1",
"long_name": "Amorite Babylonia",
"start_year": -2000,
"end_year": -1600
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Written evidence for the belief that specific gods punished moral transgressions (in the earliest known texts, the breaking of oaths) dates to the Early Dynastic period (2900-2350 BCE). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/96WUW2P8\">[Cunningham 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 390,
"polity": {
"id": 480,
"name": "iq_isin_dynasty2",
"long_name": "Second Dynasty of Isin",
"start_year": -1153,
"end_year": -1027
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Written evidence for the belief that specific gods punished moral transgressions (in the earliest known texts, the breaking of oaths) dates to the Early Dynastic period (2900-2350 BCE). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/96WUW2P8\">[Cunningham 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 391,
"polity": {
"id": 909,
"name": "iq_middle_assyrian_emp",
"long_name": "Middle Assyrian Empire",
"start_year": -1365,
"end_year": -912
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Written evidence for the belief that specific gods punished moral transgressions (in the earliest known texts, the breaking of oaths) dates to the Early Dynastic period (2900-2350 BCE). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/96WUW2P8\">[Cunningham 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 392,
"polity": {
"id": 342,
"name": "iq_babylonia_2",
"long_name": "Kassite Babylonia",
"start_year": -1595,
"end_year": -1150
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Written evidence for the belief that specific gods punished moral transgressions (in the earliest known texts, the breaking of oaths) dates to the Early Dynastic period (2900-2350 BCE). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/96WUW2P8\">[Cunningham 1997, p. 45]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 393,
"polity": {
"id": 512,
"name": "eg_naqada_2",
"long_name": "Naqada II",
"start_year": -3550,
"end_year": -3300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 394,
"polity": {
"id": 511,
"name": "eg_naqada_1",
"long_name": "Naqada I",
"start_year": -3800,
"end_year": -3550
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 395,
"polity": {
"id": 788,
"name": "et_ethiopian_k_3",
"long_name": "Ethiopia Kingdom III",
"start_year": 1769,
"end_year": 1854
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Although the Orthodox do not adhere to a belief in inherited guilt for Adam’s sin like Western Christians (the concept of ‘oruginal sin’), they do maintain that the unity of humanity is such that what happened to Adam and Eve somehow affects us all. As a result of this first sin all humanity became subject to sickness and death, consumed by a self-love that separates us both from God and from one another.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BKXCW9SQ\">[Siecienski 2019, p. 54]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 396,
"polity": {
"id": 73,
"name": "tr_byzantine_emp_1",
"long_name": "Byzantine Empire I",
"start_year": 632,
"end_year": 866
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Although the Orthodox do not adhere to a belief in inherited guilt for Adam’s sin like Western Christians (the concept of ‘oruginal sin’), they do maintain that the unity of humanity is such that what happened to Adam and Eve somehow affects us all. As a result of this first sin all humanity became subject to sickness and death, consumed by a self-love that separates us both from God and from one another.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BKXCW9SQ\">[Siecienski 2019, p. 54]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 397,
"polity": {
"id": 76,
"name": "tr_byzantine_emp_3",
"long_name": "Byzantine Empire III",
"start_year": 1073,
"end_year": 1204
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Although the Orthodox do not adhere to a belief in inherited guilt for Adam’s sin like Western Christians (the concept of ‘oruginal sin’), they do maintain that the unity of humanity is such that what happened to Adam and Eve somehow affects us all. As a result of this first sin all humanity became subject to sickness and death, consumed by a self-love that separates us both from God and from one another.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BKXCW9SQ\">[Siecienski 2019, p. 54]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 398,
"polity": {
"id": 571,
"name": "ru_romanov_dyn_2",
"long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II",
"start_year": 1776,
"end_year": 1917
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Although the Orthodox do not adhere to a belief in inherited guilt for Adam’s sin like Western Christians (the concept of ‘oruginal sin’), they do maintain that the unity of humanity is such that what happened to Adam and Eve somehow affects us all. As a result of this first sin all humanity became subject to sickness and death, consumed by a self-love that separates us both from God and from one another.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BKXCW9SQ\">[Siecienski 2019, p. 54]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 399,
"polity": {
"id": 75,
"name": "tr_byzantine_emp_2",
"long_name": "Byzantine Empire II",
"start_year": 867,
"end_year": 1072
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Although the Orthodox do not adhere to a belief in inherited guilt for Adam’s sin like Western Christians (the concept of ‘oruginal sin’), they do maintain that the unity of humanity is such that what happened to Adam and Eve somehow affects us all. As a result of this first sin all humanity became subject to sickness and death, consumed by a self-love that separates us both from God and from one another.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BKXCW9SQ\">[Siecienski 2019, p. 54]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 400,
"polity": {
"id": 337,
"name": "ru_moskva_rurik_dyn",
"long_name": "Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1480,
"end_year": 1613
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Although the Orthodox do not adhere to a belief in inherited guilt for Adam’s sin like Western Christians (the concept of ‘oruginal sin’), they do maintain that the unity of humanity is such that what happened to Adam and Eve somehow affects us all. As a result of this first sin all humanity became subject to sickness and death, consumed by a self-love that separates us both from God and from one another.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BKXCW9SQ\">[Siecienski 2019, p. 54]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 401,
"polity": {
"id": 234,
"name": "et_ethiopian_k",
"long_name": "Ethiopia Kingdom",
"start_year": 1270,
"end_year": 1620
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Although the Orthodox do not adhere to a belief in inherited guilt for Adam’s sin like Western Christians (the concept of ‘oruginal sin’), they do maintain that the unity of humanity is such that what happened to Adam and Eve somehow affects us all. As a result of this first sin all humanity became subject to sickness and death, consumed by a self-love that separates us both from God and from one another.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BKXCW9SQ\">[Siecienski 2019, p. 54]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 402,
"polity": {
"id": 789,
"name": "et_ethiopian_k_2",
"long_name": "Ethiopia Kingdom II",
"start_year": 1621,
"end_year": 1768
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Although the Orthodox do not adhere to a belief in inherited guilt for Adam’s sin like Western Christians (the concept of ‘oruginal sin’), they do maintain that the unity of humanity is such that what happened to Adam and Eve somehow affects us all. As a result of this first sin all humanity became subject to sickness and death, consumed by a self-love that separates us both from God and from one another.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BKXCW9SQ\">[Siecienski 2019, p. 54]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 403,
"polity": {
"id": 600,
"name": "ru_romanov_dyn_1",
"long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I",
"start_year": 1614,
"end_year": 1775
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Although the Orthodox do not adhere to a belief in inherited guilt for Adam’s sin like Western Christians (the concept of ‘oruginal sin’), they do maintain that the unity of humanity is such that what happened to Adam and Eve somehow affects us all. As a result of this first sin all humanity became subject to sickness and death, consumed by a self-love that separates us both from God and from one another.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BKXCW9SQ\">[Siecienski 2019, p. 54]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 404,
"polity": {
"id": 72,
"name": "tr_east_roman_emp",
"long_name": "East Roman Empire",
"start_year": 395,
"end_year": 631
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Although the Orthodox do not adhere to a belief in inherited guilt for Adam’s sin like Western Christians (the concept of ‘oruginal sin’), they do maintain that the unity of humanity is such that what happened to Adam and Eve somehow affects us all. As a result of this first sin all humanity became subject to sickness and death, consumed by a self-love that separates us both from God and from one another.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BKXCW9SQ\">[Siecienski 2019, p. 54]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 405,
"polity": {
"id": 421,
"name": "cn_erlitou",
"long_name": "Erlitou",
"start_year": -1850,
"end_year": -1600
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Inferring absence based on the absent code for the most recent period that has left written evidence of religious beliefs (Late Shang, c. 1250-1046 BCE). That absent code is based on the following quote: “Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 406,
"polity": {
"id": 419,
"name": "cn_yangshao",
"long_name": "Yangshao",
"start_year": -5000,
"end_year": -3000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Inferring absence based on the absent code for the most recent period that has left written evidence of religious beliefs (Late Shang, c. 1250-1046 BCE). That absent code is based on the following quote: “Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 407,
"polity": {
"id": 420,
"name": "cn_longshan",
"long_name": "Longshan",
"start_year": -3000,
"end_year": -1900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Inferring absence based on the absent code for the most recent period that has left written evidence of religious beliefs (Late Shang, c. 1250-1046 BCE). That absent code is based on the following quote: “Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
}
]
}