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"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
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"comment": "\"Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
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"comment": "\"Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
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"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
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"name": "et_gumma_k",
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"tag": "TRS",
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"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Allāh demands moral behavior from human beings, using reward (thawāb) and punishment (ʿiqāb) to encourage this behavior (Lange 2016; Nakissa 2020; Rustomji 2010).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 135]</a>",
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"name": "ir_elam_4",
"long_name": "Elam - Late Sukkalmah",
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"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"As in Mesopotamia, the gods were used in oaths, and breaking oaths invited punishment by the gods.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
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"name": "ir_elam_8",
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"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"As in Mesopotamia, the gods were used in oaths, and breaking oaths invited punishment by the gods.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
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"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"As in Mesopotamia, the gods were used in oaths, and breaking oaths invited punishment by the gods.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"As in Mesopotamia, the gods were used in oaths, and breaking oaths invited punishment by the gods.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
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"id": 496,
"name": "ir_elam_2",
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"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"As in Mesopotamia, the gods were used in oaths, and breaking oaths invited punishment by the gods.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
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"name": "ir_elam_3",
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},
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"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"As in Mesopotamia, the gods were used in oaths, and breaking oaths invited punishment by the gods.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
"description": null
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{
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"id": 499,
"name": "ir_elam_5",
"long_name": "Elam - Kidinuid Period",
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},
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"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"As in Mesopotamia, the gods were used in oaths, and breaking oaths invited punishment by the gods.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 217,
"polity": {
"id": 503,
"name": "ir_neo_elam_1",
"long_name": "Elam I",
"start_year": -900,
"end_year": -744
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"As in Mesopotamia, the gods were used in oaths, and breaking oaths invited punishment by the gods.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 218,
"polity": {
"id": 505,
"name": "ir_neo_elam_3",
"long_name": "Elam III",
"start_year": -612,
"end_year": -539
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"As in Mesopotamia, the gods were used in oaths, and breaking oaths invited punishment by the gods.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 219,
"polity": {
"id": 501,
"name": "ir_elam_7",
"long_name": "Elam - Shutrukid Period",
"start_year": -1199,
"end_year": -1100
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"As in Mesopotamia, the gods were used in oaths, and breaking oaths invited punishment by the gods.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
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"polity": {
"id": 445,
"name": "pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial",
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"end_year": 1883
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "“The Orokaiva interacted with demigods and ancestor spirits through ritual exchanges and an elaborate system of initiation (Iteanu 1990; Schwimmer 1973), and it may have been these reciprocal exchanges that formed the primary dimension of the ritual system. Indigenous explanations for misfortune in Melanesia typically invoke sorcery or offences against nonhuman agents, such as failure to perform appropriate rituals (Whitehouse 1996a). […] [T]he available evidence suggests that moralistic elements were present in the indigenous system, but broad-scope moralizing punishment by a supreme being, as a primary feature of the religious system, was introduced and then elaborated on in the colonial period.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/97J9GDE3\">[Brandl_et_al 2024, p. 305]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 221,
"polity": {
"id": 147,
"name": "jp_heian",
"long_name": "Heian",
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},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"An early ninth-century collection of Buddhist didactic tales provides some illustration of the nature of karma beliefs among ordinary practitioners at the time (Yoshida 2003). The law of karma is clearly enunciated—that good actions produce good results, and bad actions bad results. Interestingly, while these tales mention rebirth and the link between present actions and future rebirths, their overriding focus is on karmic consequences in the present lifetime. Characters in the stories often face immediate misfortune following bad deeds. Moreover, proper ritual practice is seen as crucial to bringing about good karmic consequences, and performing rituals improperly or not at all may lead to bad consequences. The tales also emphasize the salvific power of Buddhist divinities as a way of bringing about immediate karmic benefits. Thus, while the doctrine of karma was present, the emphasis here seems consonant with a religious milieu in which, as with kami propitiation, the overriding aim is to achieve practical benefits in this lifetime, and the most important way of doing this is proper performance of rituals rather than moral behavior per se.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 237]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 222,
"polity": {
"id": 150,
"name": "jp_sengoku_jidai",
"long_name": "Warring States Japan",
"start_year": 1467,
"end_year": 1568
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Throughout this history, Japanese notions of [moralistic supernatural enforcement] seem to have followed a path distinctive in several ways from those of other Buddhist societies. In general, the focus of [moralistic supernatural enforcement] tended to be mechanisms leading to fortune and misfortune in this lifetime rather than in the afterlife.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 243]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 223,
"polity": {
"id": 59,
"name": "gr_crete_nl",
"long_name": "Neolithic Crete",
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"end_year": -3000
},
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"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 225,
"polity": {
"id": 60,
"name": "gr_crete_pre_palace",
"long_name": "Prepalatial Crete",
"start_year": -3000,
"end_year": -1900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "\"Some aspects of Early Minoan burials, such as the inclusion of food offerings, model houses, and amulets in tombs, reflect Egyptian practices (Watrous 2021: 45–8). It is probable that these burial customs point to some form of afterlife belief, but they provide no clear evidence of moralizing supernatural punishment and reward (MSP).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 19]</a>",
"description": ""
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{
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"id": 447,
"name": "fr_beaker_eba",
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},
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"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 227,
"polity": {
"id": 449,
"name": "fr_hallstatt_a_b1",
"long_name": "Hallstatt A-B1",
"start_year": -1000,
"end_year": -900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 228,
"polity": {
"id": 452,
"name": "fr_hallstatt_d",
"long_name": "Hallstatt D",
"start_year": -600,
"end_year": -475
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 229,
"polity": {
"id": 450,
"name": "fr_hallstatt_b2_3",
"long_name": "Hallstatt B2-3",
"start_year": -900,
"end_year": -700
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 230,
"polity": {
"id": 448,
"name": "fr_atlantic_complex",
"long_name": "Atlantic Complex",
"start_year": -2200,
"end_year": -1000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 231,
"polity": {
"id": 451,
"name": "fr_hallstatt_c",
"long_name": "Hallstatt C",
"start_year": -700,
"end_year": -600
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 232,
"polity": {
"id": 453,
"name": "fr_la_tene_a_b1",
"long_name": "La Tene A-B1",
"start_year": -475,
"end_year": -325
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 233,
"polity": {
"id": 439,
"name": "mn_shiwei",
"long_name": "Shiwei",
"start_year": 600,
"end_year": 1000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 234,
"polity": {
"id": 274,
"name": "mn_hunnu_late",
"long_name": "Late Xiongnu",
"start_year": -60,
"end_year": 100
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 235,
"polity": {
"id": 438,
"name": "mn_xianbei",
"long_name": "Xianbei Confederation",
"start_year": 100,
"end_year": 250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 236,
"polity": {
"id": 437,
"name": "mn_hunnu_early",
"long_name": "Early Xiongnu",
"start_year": -1400,
"end_year": -300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 237,
"polity": {
"id": 278,
"name": "mn_rouran_khaganate",
"long_name": "Rouran Khaganate",
"start_year": 300,
"end_year": 555
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 238,
"polity": {
"id": 272,
"name": "mn_hunnu_emp",
"long_name": "Xiongnu Imperial Confederation",
"start_year": -209,
"end_year": -60
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 241,
"polity": {
"id": 77,
"name": "pe_cuzco_1",
"long_name": "Cuzco - Late Formative",
"start_year": -500,
"end_year": 200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"It is possible to associate large-scale offerings with major environmental disasters (e.g., ENSO-associated floods and landslides), and the ethnohistory describes such punishments as the result of a lack of reverence or care for metahuman beings. If anything, these probably would have been seen as a moral/sacred failing of the priestly elite—one coastal flood myth says that the people of the Lambayeque Valley bound their king and cast him into the sea to end their punishment. Inca sources suggest that regular gifts of food, drink, cloth, and other things that different waka’s desired would usually help maintain a good relationship—such offerings were proactive and performed at the group/community/political levels.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 242,
"polity": {
"id": 81,
"name": "pe_cuzco_5",
"long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate I",
"start_year": 1000,
"end_year": 1250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"It is possible to associate large-scale offerings with major environmental disasters (e.g., ENSO-associated floods and landslides), and the ethnohistory describes such punishments as the result of a lack of reverence or care for metahuman beings. If anything, these probably would have been seen as a moral/sacred failing of the priestly elite—one coastal flood myth says that the people of the Lambayeque Valley bound their king and cast him into the sea to end their punishment. Inca sources suggest that regular gifts of food, drink, cloth, and other things that different waka’s desired would usually help maintain a good relationship—such offerings were proactive and performed at the group/community/political levels.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 243,
"polity": {
"id": 78,
"name": "pe_cuzco_2",
"long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate I",
"start_year": 200,
"end_year": 499
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"It is possible to associate large-scale offerings with major environmental disasters (e.g., ENSO-associated floods and landslides), and the ethnohistory describes such punishments as the result of a lack of reverence or care for metahuman beings. If anything, these probably would have been seen as a moral/sacred failing of the priestly elite—one coastal flood myth says that the people of the Lambayeque Valley bound their king and cast him into the sea to end their punishment. Inca sources suggest that regular gifts of food, drink, cloth, and other things that different waka’s desired would usually help maintain a good relationship—such offerings were proactive and performed at the group/community/political levels.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 244,
"polity": {
"id": 82,
"name": "pe_cuzco_6",
"long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate II",
"start_year": 1250,
"end_year": 1400
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"It is possible to associate large-scale offerings with major environmental disasters (e.g., ENSO-associated floods and landslides), and the ethnohistory describes such punishments as the result of a lack of reverence or care for metahuman beings. If anything, these probably would have been seen as a moral/sacred failing of the priestly elite—one coastal flood myth says that the people of the Lambayeque Valley bound their king and cast him into the sea to end their punishment. Inca sources suggest that regular gifts of food, drink, cloth, and other things that different waka’s desired would usually help maintain a good relationship—such offerings were proactive and performed at the group/community/political levels.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 245,
"polity": {
"id": 83,
"name": "pe_inca_emp",
"long_name": "Inca Empire",
"start_year": 1375,
"end_year": 1532
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"It is possible to associate large-scale offerings with major environmental disasters (e.g., ENSO-associated floods and landslides), and the ethnohistory describes such punishments as the result of a lack of reverence or care for metahuman beings. If anything, these probably would have been seen as a moral/sacred failing of the priestly elite—one coastal flood myth says that the people of the Lambayeque Valley bound their king and cast him into the sea to end their punishment. Inca sources suggest that regular gifts of food, drink, cloth, and other things that different waka’s desired would usually help maintain a good relationship—such offerings were proactive and performed at the group/community/political levels.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 246,
"polity": {
"id": 80,
"name": "pe_wari_emp",
"long_name": "Wari Empire",
"start_year": 650,
"end_year": 999
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"It is possible to associate large-scale offerings with major environmental disasters (e.g., ENSO-associated floods and landslides), and the ethnohistory describes such punishments as the result of a lack of reverence or care for metahuman beings. If anything, these probably would have been seen as a moral/sacred failing of the priestly elite—one coastal flood myth says that the people of the Lambayeque Valley bound their king and cast him into the sea to end their punishment. Inca sources suggest that regular gifts of food, drink, cloth, and other things that different waka’s desired would usually help maintain a good relationship—such offerings were proactive and performed at the group/community/political levels.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 247,
"polity": {
"id": 79,
"name": "pe_cuzco_3",
"long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate II",
"start_year": 500,
"end_year": 649
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"It is possible to associate large-scale offerings with major environmental disasters (e.g., ENSO-associated floods and landslides), and the ethnohistory describes such punishments as the result of a lack of reverence or care for metahuman beings. If anything, these probably would have been seen as a moral/sacred failing of the priestly elite—one coastal flood myth says that the people of the Lambayeque Valley bound their king and cast him into the sea to end their punishment. Inca sources suggest that regular gifts of food, drink, cloth, and other things that different waka’s desired would usually help maintain a good relationship—such offerings were proactive and performed at the group/community/political levels.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 248,
"polity": {
"id": 22,
"name": "us_woodland_1",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Early Woodland",
"start_year": -600,
"end_year": -150
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 249,
"polity": {
"id": 34,
"name": "us_emergent_mississippian_2",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II",
"start_year": 900,
"end_year": 1049
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 250,
"polity": {
"id": 27,
"name": "us_emergent_mississippian_1",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I",
"start_year": 750,
"end_year": 900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 251,
"polity": {
"id": 25,
"name": "us_woodland_4",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland II",
"start_year": 450,
"end_year": 600
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 252,
"polity": {
"id": 24,
"name": "us_woodland_3",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland I",
"start_year": 300,
"end_year": 450
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 253,
"polity": {
"id": 23,
"name": "us_woodland_2",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Middle Woodland",
"start_year": -150,
"end_year": 300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 254,
"polity": {
"id": 26,
"name": "us_woodland_5",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland III",
"start_year": 600,
"end_year": 750
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 255,
"polity": {
"id": 144,
"name": "jp_yayoi",
"long_name": "Kansai - Yayoi Period",
"start_year": -300,
"end_year": 250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“[T]here is compelling evidence that the kami did consider some interpersonal violations to be punishable by divine intervention. In a twice-yearly purification ritual codified later but thought to have originated in this period, priests performed incantations designed to purge the sins of the entire populace (Anesaki 2012). The word translated here as “sins,” tsumi, in fact comprises all things seen as impure by the kami, including certain human wrongdoings as well as forms of ritual pollution and disasters themselves (Takeshi 1993). The mass purification ritual, however, functioned to purge a number of tsumi that clearly comprised interpersonal violations. These included a set of agricultural transgressions, from breaking down divisions between rice fields to filling in irrigation ditches, as well as a set of nonagricultural transgressions, such as cutting living bodies, witchcraft, and incest. That it was seen as necessary to purge this list of sins from the population suggests that the sins displeased the kami, and if they were not purged, collective punishment would be brought upon the population.[…] [T]hat there existed a centralized ritual to purge the whole country of the above sins twice a year may be taken as evidence that there was at some point likely to have been at least some fear of supernatural punishment for these transgressions.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 325]</a>",
"description": null
}
]
}