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{
"id": 51,
"polity": {
"id": 58,
"name": "fm_truk_2",
"long_name": "Chuuk - Late Truk",
"start_year": 1886,
"end_year": 1948
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Ethnographic observations in the twentieth century suggest that pre-contact Chuukese religion included the idea that supernatural entities could punish moral transgressions. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RKAPJESV\">[Goodenough 2002, p. 97]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 52,
"polity": {
"id": 111,
"name": "in_achik_1",
"long_name": "Early A'chik",
"start_year": 1775,
"end_year": 1867
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Though today most A’chik identify as Christian, pre-Christian beliefs persist. We are inferring that these are similar to beliefs prevalent in this region in the late 18th and 19th centuries CE as well (note that we could not find sources on this topic that predated the early 20th century). \r\n\r\nThe A’chik abide by a code of conduct intended to regulate interpersonal behavior, but this code is not enforced by either gods or spirits. Indeed, A’chik religion is not moralising. The A’chik believe that gods and spirits may punish transgressions through illness, crop failure, or natural calamities. Similarly, when pleased, they are thought to provide people with blessings and benefits. However, the kinds of transgressions the gods and spirits are thought to punish do not constitute socially harmful behaviors: example include eating certain crops at the wrong time of year, or not respecting fast days. Similarly, the main method by which the A’chik attempt to please gods and spirits is through ceremonies. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PT327DM8\">[Marak 2005, p. 111]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PT327DM8\">[Marak 2005, p. 58]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PT327DM8\">[Marak 2005, pp. 69-70]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 53,
"polity": {
"id": 112,
"name": "in_achik_2",
"long_name": "Late A'chik",
"start_year": 1867,
"end_year": 1956
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Though today most A’chik identify as Christian, pre-Christian beliefs persist. We are inferring that these are similar to beliefs prevalent in this region in the late 18th and 19th centuries CE as well (note that we could not find sources on this topic that predated the early 20th century). \r\n\r\nThe A’chik abide by a code of conduct intended to regulate interpersonal behavior, but this code is not enforced by either gods or spirits. Indeed, A’chik religion is not moralising. The A’chik believe that gods and spirits may punish transgressions through illness, crop failure, or natural calamities. Similarly, when pleased, they are thought to provide people with blessings and benefits. However, the kinds of transgressions the gods and spirits are thought to punish do not constitute socially harmful behaviors: example include eating certain crops at the wrong time of year, or not respecting fast days. Similarly, the main method by which the A’chik attempt to please gods and spirits is through ceremonies. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PT327DM8\">[Marak 2005, p. 111]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PT327DM8\">[Marak 2005, p. 58]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PT327DM8\">[Marak 2005, pp. 69-70]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 54,
"polity": {
"id": 194,
"name": "ru_sakha_early",
"long_name": "Sakha - Early",
"start_year": 1400,
"end_year": 1632
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Twentieth-century ethnographic sources give examples of potential punishments in this life. Punishment for breaking an oath could lead to a man losing his possessions, family, and cattle, and his own life. Notorious evildoers became impure or ‘defiled’ by their actions, just like people who came into contact with polluting substances. They were therefore excluded from some ritual activities. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/H5QTMX2B\">[Sauer 1802, p. 123]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/H5QTMX2B\">[Sauer 1802, p. 117]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FTJS2I4W\">[Jochelson 1933, p. 104]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 55,
"polity": {
"id": 195,
"name": "ru_sakha_late",
"long_name": "Sakha - Late",
"start_year": 1632,
"end_year": 1900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Twentieth-century ethnographic sources give examples of potential punishments in this life. Punishment for breaking an oath could lead to a man losing his possessions, family, and cattle, and his own life. Notorious evildoers became impure or ‘defiled’ by their actions, just like people who came into contact with polluting substances. They were therefore excluded from some ritual activities. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/H5QTMX2B\">[Sauer 1802, p. 123]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/H5QTMX2B\">[Sauer 1802, p. 117]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FTJS2I4W\">[Jochelson 1933, p. 104]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 56,
"polity": {
"id": 10,
"name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_5",
"long_name": "Late Formative Basin of Mexico",
"start_year": -400,
"end_year": -101
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": true,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Scholarly opinion differs on the extent to which supernatural powers from Teotihuacan through Aztec times were concerned with monitoring and enforcing moral behaviour among humans, which leads to our code expressing this disagreement. Further, there is evidence that certain core principles of later Aztec religion—including certain suites of deities depicted in mural paintings, elements of the layout of sacred architecture, and types of rituals of termination and dedication—had their origins in the pre-Teotihuacan cultures of the Formative period and were further elaborated at Teotihuacan and the Toltec period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/URQQ68E2\">[McKeever_Furst 1995]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UX23J6C6\">[Carballo 2016]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BE6HQPIJ\">[Carballo 2018]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 57,
"polity": {
"id": 11,
"name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_6",
"long_name": "Terminal Formative Basin of Mexico",
"start_year": -100,
"end_year": 99
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": true,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Scholarly opinion differs on the extent to which supernatural powers from Teotihuacan through Aztec times were concerned with monitoring and enforcing moral behaviour among humans, which leads to our code expressing this disagreement. Further, there is evidence that certain core principles of later Aztec religion—including certain suites of deities depicted in mural paintings, elements of the layout of sacred architecture, and types of rituals of termination and dedication—had their origins in the pre-Teotihuacan cultures of the Formative period and were further elaborated at Teotihuacan and the Toltec period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/URQQ68E2\">[McKeever_Furst 1995]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UX23J6C6\">[Carballo 2016]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BE6HQPIJ\">[Carballo 2018]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 58,
"polity": {
"id": 12,
"name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_7",
"long_name": "Classic Basin of Mexico",
"start_year": 100,
"end_year": 649
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": true,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Scholarly opinion differs on the extent to which supernatural powers from Teotihuacan through Aztec times were concerned with monitoring and enforcing moral behaviour among humans, which leads to our code expressing this disagreement. Further, there is evidence that certain core principles of later Aztec religion—including certain suites of deities depicted in mural paintings, elements of the layout of sacred architecture, and types of rituals of termination and dedication—had their origins in the pre-Teotihuacan cultures of the Formative period and were further elaborated at Teotihuacan and the Toltec period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/URQQ68E2\">[McKeever_Furst 1995]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UX23J6C6\">[Carballo 2016]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BE6HQPIJ\">[Carballo 2018]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 59,
"polity": {
"id": 13,
"name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_8",
"long_name": "Epiclassic Basin of Mexico",
"start_year": 650,
"end_year": 899
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": true,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Scholarly opinion differs on the extent to which supernatural powers from Teotihuacan through Aztec times were concerned with monitoring and enforcing moral behaviour among humans, which leads to our code expressing this disagreement. Further, there is evidence that certain core principles of later Aztec religion—including certain suites of deities depicted in mural paintings, elements of the layout of sacred architecture, and types of rituals of termination and dedication—had their origins in the pre-Teotihuacan cultures of the Formative period and were further elaborated at Teotihuacan and the Toltec period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/URQQ68E2\">[McKeever_Furst 1995]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UX23J6C6\">[Carballo 2016]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BE6HQPIJ\">[Carballo 2018]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 60,
"polity": {
"id": 14,
"name": "mx_toltec",
"long_name": "Toltecs",
"start_year": 900,
"end_year": 1199
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": true,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Scholarly opinion differs on the extent to which supernatural powers from Teotihuacan through Aztec times were concerned with monitoring and enforcing moral behaviour among humans, which leads to our code expressing this disagreement. Further, there is evidence that certain core principles of later Aztec religion—including certain suites of deities depicted in mural paintings, elements of the layout of sacred architecture, and types of rituals of termination and dedication—had their origins in the pre-Teotihuacan cultures of the Formative period and were further elaborated at Teotihuacan and the Toltec period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/URQQ68E2\">[McKeever_Furst 1995]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UX23J6C6\">[Carballo 2016]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BE6HQPIJ\">[Carballo 2018]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 61,
"polity": {
"id": 15,
"name": "mx_basin_of_mexico_10",
"long_name": "Middle Postclassic Basin of Mexico",
"start_year": 1200,
"end_year": 1426
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": true,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Scholarly opinion differs on the extent to which supernatural powers from Teotihuacan through Aztec times were concerned with monitoring and enforcing moral behaviour among humans, which leads to our code expressing this disagreement. Further, there is evidence that certain core principles of later Aztec religion—including certain suites of deities depicted in mural paintings, elements of the layout of sacred architecture, and types of rituals of termination and dedication—had their origins in the pre-Teotihuacan cultures of the Formative period and were further elaborated at Teotihuacan and the Toltec period. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/URQQ68E2\">[McKeever_Furst 1995]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BE6HQPIJ\">[Carballo 2018]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UX23J6C6\">[Carballo 2016]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 62,
"polity": {
"id": 16,
"name": "mx_aztec_emp",
"long_name": "Aztec Empire",
"start_year": 1427,
"end_year": 1526
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": true,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Some scholars argue that the Aztecs believed certain powerful gods were chiefly concerned with maintaining cosmic order, which could be upset by moral transgressions on the part of humans. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BE6HQPIJ\">[Carballo 2018]</a> Sources such as the Florentine Codex, an ethnographic text compiled in the 16th century, describing beliefs among Aztecs that they “were admonished for bad conduct, but not because it showed disobedience to God or had consequences for the salvation of one’s soul. Instead, their disorderly actions endangered the community’s welfare and undermined the cosmic order”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XGD8MNHU\">[Peterson_Trerraciano 2019, p. 177]</a> Others, however, disagree with the interpretation that Mesoamerican gods had any sort of omniscience and argue that they were fairly limited in their ability to intervene in human life, so were not effective moral punishers. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8VM3D7QV\">[Helmke_Nielsen_Robb 2017, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 63,
"polity": {
"id": 525,
"name": "mx_monte_alban_1_early",
"long_name": "Early Monte Alban I",
"start_year": -500,
"end_year": -300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Archaeological evidence from the Late Formative period (beginning around 500 BCE) at the central site of Monté Alban suggests that supernatural agents were thought to be motivated not so much by the moral quality of their worshippers’ behavior towards other humans, but by the quality of their offerings to their gods. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JPXCWSSG\">[Joyce 2009]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZNCR3XRZ\">[Flannery_Marcus 1983]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 64,
"polity": {
"id": 526,
"name": "mx_monte_alban_1_late",
"long_name": "Monte Alban Late I",
"start_year": -300,
"end_year": -100
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Archaeological evidence from the Late Formative period (beginning around 500 BCE) at the central site of Monté Alban suggests that supernatural agents were thought to be motivated not so much by the moral quality of their worshippers’ behavior towards other humans, but by the quality of their offerings to their gods. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JPXCWSSG\">[Joyce 2009]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZNCR3XRZ\">[Flannery_Marcus 1983]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 65,
"polity": {
"id": 527,
"name": "mx_monte_alban_2",
"long_name": "Monte Alban II",
"start_year": -100,
"end_year": 200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Archaeological evidence from the Late Formative period (beginning around 500 BCE) at the central site of Monté Alban suggests that supernatural agents were thought to be motivated not so much by the moral quality of their worshippers’ behavior towards other humans, but by the quality of their offerings to their gods. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JPXCWSSG\">[Joyce 2009]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZNCR3XRZ\">[Flannery_Marcus 1983]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 66,
"polity": {
"id": 528,
"name": "mx_monte_alban_3_a",
"long_name": "Monte Alban III",
"start_year": 200,
"end_year": 500
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Archaeological evidence from the Late Formative period (beginning around 500 BCE) at the central site of Monté Alban suggests that supernatural agents were thought to be motivated not so much by the moral quality of their worshippers’ behavior towards other humans, but by the quality of their offerings to their gods. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JPXCWSSG\">[Joyce 2009]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZNCR3XRZ\">[Flannery_Marcus 1983]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 67,
"polity": {
"id": 529,
"name": "mx_monte_alban_3_b_4",
"long_name": "Monte Alban IIIB and IV",
"start_year": 500,
"end_year": 900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Archaeological evidence from the Late Formative period (beginning around 500 BCE) at the central site of Monté Alban suggests that supernatural agents were thought to be motivated not so much by the moral quality of their worshippers’ behavior towards other humans, but by the quality of their offerings to their gods. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JPXCWSSG\">[Joyce 2009]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZNCR3XRZ\">[Flannery_Marcus 1983]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 68,
"polity": {
"id": 532,
"name": "mx_monte_alban_5",
"long_name": "Monte Alban V",
"start_year": 900,
"end_year": 1520
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Archaeological evidence from the Late Formative period (beginning around 500 BCE) at the central site of Monté Alban suggests that supernatural agents were thought to be motivated not so much by the moral quality of their worshippers’ behavior towards other humans, but by the quality of their offerings to their gods. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JPXCWSSG\">[Joyce 2009]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZNCR3XRZ\">[Flannery_Marcus 1983]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 69,
"polity": {
"id": 32,
"name": "us_cahokia_1",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Lohman-Stirling",
"start_year": 1050,
"end_year": 1199
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The cosmology of Cahokia, the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, seems to have different scholarly interpretations. \r\n\r\nDye suggests a belief in a moralizing Earth Mother figure who would punish those that broke taboos but could be won over through ritual. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4J6F57AD\">[Dye 2000, p. 146]</a> Granberry suggests a belief in an underworld where the dead are reborn as children, seemingly regardless of the moral quality of their actions in life. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VF7N6BBM\">[Granberry 2005, p. 114]</a> Other interpretations highlight themes of holistic interconnectedness, which would be more in line with what is known about later indigenous cosmology in the region, where moralizing supernatural concern was not a significant feature. For example, Hall details how reincarnation was linked to mound building at Cahokia: the earth on the mound that would grow grass in the spring represented the reincarnation of the person buried beneath it. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VF7N6BBM\">[Granberry 2005, p. 35]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VF7N6BBM\">[Granberry 2005, p. 57]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 70,
"polity": {
"id": 33,
"name": "us_cahokia_2",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Moorehead",
"start_year": 1200,
"end_year": 1275
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The cosmology of Cahokia, the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, seems to have different scholarly interpretations. \r\n\r\nDye suggests a belief in a moralizing Earth Mother figure who would punish those that broke taboos but could be won over through ritual. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4J6F57AD\">[Dye 2000, p. 146]</a> Granberry suggests a belief in an underworld where the dead are reborn as children, seemingly regardless of the moral quality of their actions in life. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VF7N6BBM\">[Granberry 2005, p. 114]</a> Other interpretations highlight themes of holistic interconnectedness, which would be more in line with what is known about later indigenous cosmology in the region, where moralizing supernatural concern was not a significant feature. For example, Hall details how reincarnation was linked to mound building at Cahokia: the earth on the mound that would grow grass in the spring represented the reincarnation of the person buried beneath it. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8KH357GV\">[Hall 1997, p. 35]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8KH357GV\">[Hall 1997, p. 57]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 71,
"polity": {
"id": 28,
"name": "us_cahokia_3",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Sand Prairie",
"start_year": 1275,
"end_year": 1400
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The cosmology of Cahokia, the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, seems to have different scholarly interpretations. \r\n\r\nDye suggests a belief in a moralizing Earth Mother figure who would punish those that broke taboos but could be won over through ritual. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4J6F57AD\">[Dye 2000, p. 146]</a> Granberry suggests a belief in an underworld where the dead are reborn as children, seemingly regardless of the moral quality of their actions in life. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VF7N6BBM\">[Granberry 2005, p. 114]</a> Other interpretations highlight themes of holistic interconnectedness, which would be more in line with what is known about later indigenous cosmology in the region, where moralizing supernatural concern was not a significant feature. For example, Hall details how reincarnation was linked to mound building at Cahokia: the earth on the mound that would grow grass in the spring represented the reincarnation of the person buried beneath it. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8KH357GV\">[Hall 1997, p. 35]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/8KH357GV\">[Hall 1997, p. 57]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 72,
"polity": {
"id": 30,
"name": "us_early_illinois_confederation",
"long_name": "Early Illinois Confederation",
"start_year": 1640,
"end_year": 1717
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Neither surviving Illionois oral traditions nor contemporary French observations suggest that supernatural moralizing enforcement constituted a significant element of Illinois beliefs at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KVBP3XCV\">[webpage_The Illinois: Beliefs]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FEDEGDEE\">[Marquette_Thwaites 1959, pp. 139-141]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 73,
"polity": {
"id": 113,
"name": "gh_akan",
"long_name": "Akan - Pre-Ashanti",
"start_year": 1501,
"end_year": 1701
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "For the Akan, both the gods and the ancestors specifically punish \"stealing, pre-marital sex, murder, incest, having sexual intercourse in the bush, adultery and suicide\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/F6SPQXBN\">[Anderson,_Jr. 2013, p. 67]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 74,
"polity": {
"id": 114,
"name": "gh_ashanti_emp",
"long_name": "Ashanti Empire",
"start_year": 1701,
"end_year": 1895
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "For the Akan, both the gods and the ancestors specifically punish \"stealing, pre-marital sex, murder, incest, having sexual intercourse in the bush, adultery and suicide\". <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/F6SPQXBN\">[Anderson,_Jr. 2013, p. 67]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 75,
"polity": {
"id": 153,
"name": "id_iban_1",
"long_name": "Iban - Pre-Brooke",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1841
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 76,
"polity": {
"id": 153,
"name": "id_iban_1",
"long_name": "Iban - Pre-Brooke",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1841
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 77,
"polity": {
"id": 154,
"name": "id_iban_2",
"long_name": "Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial",
"start_year": 1841,
"end_year": 1987
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 78,
"polity": {
"id": 42,
"name": "kh_angkor_3",
"long_name": "Late Angkor",
"start_year": 1220,
"end_year": 1432
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“In sum, pre-modern Buddhism was eminently concerned with MSP.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 118]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 79,
"polity": {
"id": 631,
"name": "sl_anuradhapura_3",
"long_name": "Anurādhapura III",
"start_year": 428,
"end_year": 614
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“In sum, pre-modern Buddhism was eminently concerned with MSP.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 118]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 80,
"polity": {
"id": 635,
"name": "sl_anuradhapura_2",
"long_name": "Anurādhapura II",
"start_year": 70,
"end_year": 428
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“In sum, pre-modern Buddhism was eminently concerned with MSP.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 118]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 81,
"polity": {
"id": 44,
"name": "th_ayutthaya",
"long_name": "Ayutthaya",
"start_year": 1593,
"end_year": 1767
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“In sum, pre-modern Buddhism was eminently concerned with MSP.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 118]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 82,
"polity": {
"id": 43,
"name": "kh_khmer_k",
"long_name": "Khmer Kingdom",
"start_year": 1432,
"end_year": 1594
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“In sum, pre-modern Buddhism was eminently concerned with MSP.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 118]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 83,
"polity": {
"id": 45,
"name": "th_rattanakosin",
"long_name": "Rattanakosin",
"start_year": 1782,
"end_year": 1873
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“In sum, pre-modern Buddhism was eminently concerned with MSP.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 118]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 84,
"polity": {
"id": 630,
"name": "sl_polonnaruva",
"long_name": "Polonnaruwa",
"start_year": 1070,
"end_year": 1255
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“In sum, pre-modern Buddhism was eminently concerned with MSP.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 118]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 85,
"polity": {
"id": 628,
"name": "sl_dambadeniya",
"long_name": "Dambadaneiya",
"start_year": 1232,
"end_year": 1293
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“In sum, pre-modern Buddhism was eminently concerned with MSP.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 118]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 86,
"polity": {
"id": 633,
"name": "sl_anuradhapura_1",
"long_name": "Anurādhapura I",
"start_year": -300,
"end_year": 70
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“In sum, pre-modern Buddhism was eminently concerned with MSP.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 118]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 87,
"polity": {
"id": 761,
"name": "th_reform_period_thailand",
"long_name": "Thailand Reform Period",
"start_year": 1887,
"end_year": 1932
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“In sum, pre-modern Buddhism was eminently concerned with MSP.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 118]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 88,
"polity": {
"id": 629,
"name": "sl_anuradhapura_4",
"long_name": "Anurādhapura IV",
"start_year": 614,
"end_year": 1017
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“In sum, pre-modern Buddhism was eminently concerned with MSP.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 118]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 89,
"polity": {
"id": 634,
"name": "sl_jaffa_k",
"long_name": "Jaffna",
"start_year": 1310,
"end_year": 1591
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“In sum, pre-modern Buddhism was eminently concerned with MSP.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 118]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 90,
"polity": {
"id": 396,
"name": "in_pala_emp",
"long_name": "Pala Empire",
"start_year": 750,
"end_year": 1174
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“In sum, pre-modern Buddhism was eminently concerned with MSP.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 118]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 91,
"polity": {
"id": 791,
"name": "bd_khadga_dyn",
"long_name": "Khadga Dynasty",
"start_year": 650,
"end_year": 700
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“In sum, pre-modern Buddhism was eminently concerned with MSP.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 118]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 92,
"polity": {
"id": 780,
"name": "bd_chandra_dyn",
"long_name": "Chandra Dynasty",
"start_year": 900,
"end_year": 1050
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“In sum, pre-modern Buddhism was eminently concerned with MSP.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 118]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 93,
"polity": {
"id": 90,
"name": "in_vakataka_k",
"long_name": "Vakataka Kingdom",
"start_year": 255,
"end_year": 550
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Dharma, as an epicenter of Hindu systems of MSP, is associated with two key mechanisms through which retribution or reward is experienced by a human for actions toward another human. The first mechanism is through the action of a divine or supernatural being or deity, characterized as Deva or Devi, or Parama Brahman, the Supreme Spirit or God. The second mechanism is through karma, a nonagentic, impersonal force that works automatically based on a logic of puṇya (merit) versus pāpa (demerit). The totality of one’s puṇya is weighed against the pāpa that one accrues in one’s lifetime as the phala (fruits) of one’s karma, understood as action. Transgressing from one’s dharma will incur undesirable consequences (Flood 1996; Krishan 1988, 1997).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EBDJ2WB5\">[Das_et_al 2024, p. 50]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 94,
"polity": {
"id": 96,
"name": "in_kampili_k",
"long_name": "Kampili Kingdom",
"start_year": 1280,
"end_year": 1327
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Dharma, as an epicenter of Hindu systems of MSP, is associated with two key mechanisms through which retribution or reward is experienced by a human for actions toward another human. The first mechanism is through the action of a divine or supernatural being or deity, characterized as Deva or Devi, or Parama Brahman, the Supreme Spirit or God. The second mechanism is through karma, a nonagentic, impersonal force that works automatically based on a logic of puṇya (merit) versus pāpa (demerit). The totality of one’s puṇya is weighed against the pāpa that one accrues in one’s lifetime as the phala (fruits) of one’s karma, understood as action. Transgressing from one’s dharma will incur undesirable consequences (Flood 1996; Krishan 1988, 1997).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EBDJ2WB5\">[Das_et_al 2024, p. 50]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 95,
"polity": {
"id": 91,
"name": "in_kadamba_emp",
"long_name": "Kadamba Empire",
"start_year": 345,
"end_year": 550
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Dharma, as an epicenter of Hindu systems of MSP, is associated with two key mechanisms through which retribution or reward is experienced by a human for actions toward another human. The first mechanism is through the action of a divine or supernatural being or deity, characterized as Deva or Devi, or Parama Brahman, the Supreme Spirit or God. The second mechanism is through karma, a nonagentic, impersonal force that works automatically based on a logic of puṇya (merit) versus pāpa (demerit). The totality of one’s puṇya is weighed against the pāpa that one accrues in one’s lifetime as the phala (fruits) of one’s karma, understood as action. Transgressing from one’s dharma will incur undesirable consequences (Flood 1996; Krishan 1988, 1997).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EBDJ2WB5\">[Das_et_al 2024, p. 50]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 96,
"polity": {
"id": 405,
"name": "in_gahadavala_dyn",
"long_name": "Gahadavala Dynasty",
"start_year": 1085,
"end_year": 1193
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Dharma, as an epicenter of Hindu systems of MSP, is associated with two key mechanisms through which retribution or reward is experienced by a human for actions toward another human. The first mechanism is through the action of a divine or supernatural being or deity, characterized as Deva or Devi, or Parama Brahman, the Supreme Spirit or God. The second mechanism is through karma, a nonagentic, impersonal force that works automatically based on a logic of puṇya (merit) versus pāpa (demerit). The totality of one’s puṇya is weighed against the pāpa that one accrues in one’s lifetime as the phala (fruits) of one’s karma, understood as action. Transgressing from one’s dharma will incur undesirable consequences (Flood 1996; Krishan 1988, 1997).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EBDJ2WB5\">[Das_et_al 2024, p. 50]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 97,
"polity": {
"id": 397,
"name": "in_chola_emp",
"long_name": "Chola Empire",
"start_year": 849,
"end_year": 1280
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Dharma, as an epicenter of Hindu systems of MSP, is associated with two key mechanisms through which retribution or reward is experienced by a human for actions toward another human. The first mechanism is through the action of a divine or supernatural being or deity, characterized as Deva or Devi, or Parama Brahman, the Supreme Spirit or God. The second mechanism is through karma, a nonagentic, impersonal force that works automatically based on a logic of puṇya (merit) versus pāpa (demerit). The totality of one’s puṇya is weighed against the pāpa that one accrues in one’s lifetime as the phala (fruits) of one’s karma, understood as action. Transgressing from one’s dharma will incur undesirable consequences (Flood 1996; Krishan 1988, 1997).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EBDJ2WB5\">[Das_et_al 2024, p. 50]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 98,
"polity": {
"id": 704,
"name": "in_thanjavur_nayaks",
"long_name": "Nayaks of Thanjavur",
"start_year": 1532,
"end_year": 1676
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Dharma, as an epicenter of Hindu systems of MSP, is associated with two key mechanisms through which retribution or reward is experienced by a human for actions toward another human. The first mechanism is through the action of a divine or supernatural being or deity, characterized as Deva or Devi, or Parama Brahman, the Supreme Spirit or God. The second mechanism is through karma, a nonagentic, impersonal force that works automatically based on a logic of puṇya (merit) versus pāpa (demerit). The totality of one’s puṇya is weighed against the pāpa that one accrues in one’s lifetime as the phala (fruits) of one’s karma, understood as action. Transgressing from one’s dharma will incur undesirable consequences (Flood 1996; Krishan 1988, 1997).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EBDJ2WB5\">[Das_et_al 2024, p. 50]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 99,
"polity": {
"id": 418,
"name": "in_gurjara_pratihara_dyn",
"long_name": "Gurjar-Pratihara Dynasty",
"start_year": 730,
"end_year": 1030
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Dharma, as an epicenter of Hindu systems of MSP, is associated with two key mechanisms through which retribution or reward is experienced by a human for actions toward another human. The first mechanism is through the action of a divine or supernatural being or deity, characterized as Deva or Devi, or Parama Brahman, the Supreme Spirit or God. The second mechanism is through karma, a nonagentic, impersonal force that works automatically based on a logic of puṇya (merit) versus pāpa (demerit). The totality of one’s puṇya is weighed against the pāpa that one accrues in one’s lifetime as the phala (fruits) of one’s karma, understood as action. Transgressing from one’s dharma will incur undesirable consequences (Flood 1996; Krishan 1988, 1997).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EBDJ2WB5\">[Das_et_al 2024, p. 50]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 100,
"polity": {
"id": 94,
"name": "in_kalyani_chalukya_emp",
"long_name": "Chalukyas of Kalyani",
"start_year": 973,
"end_year": 1189
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Dharma, as an epicenter of Hindu systems of MSP, is associated with two key mechanisms through which retribution or reward is experienced by a human for actions toward another human. The first mechanism is through the action of a divine or supernatural being or deity, characterized as Deva or Devi, or Parama Brahman, the Supreme Spirit or God. The second mechanism is through karma, a nonagentic, impersonal force that works automatically based on a logic of puṇya (merit) versus pāpa (demerit). The totality of one’s puṇya is weighed against the pāpa that one accrues in one’s lifetime as the phala (fruits) of one’s karma, understood as action. Transgressing from one’s dharma will incur undesirable consequences (Flood 1996; Krishan 1988, 1997).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EBDJ2WB5\">[Das_et_al 2024, p. 50]</a>",
"description": null
}
]
}