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{
"id": 367,
"polity": {
"id": 183,
"name": "it_roman_rep_2",
"long_name": "Middle Roman Republic",
"start_year": -264,
"end_year": -133
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Reflecting the more traditional views likely shared by commoners as well as aristocrats, the poetry of the equestrian Catullus alluded to normative beliefs that perjury and breaches of fides were punishable by the gods and that the gods assist those whose behavior reflects pietas (Carmina 30; 64.135; 76.1–6, 19–20).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6N4XAUD7\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 48]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 368,
"polity": {
"id": 184,
"name": "it_roman_rep_3",
"long_name": "Late Roman Republic",
"start_year": -133,
"end_year": -31
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Reflecting the more traditional views likely shared by commoners as well as aristocrats, the poetry of the equestrian Catullus alluded to normative beliefs that perjury and breaches of fides were punishable by the gods and that the gods assist those whose behavior reflects pietas (Carmina 30; 64.135; 76.1–6, 19–20).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6N4XAUD7\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 48]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 369,
"polity": {
"id": 182,
"name": "it_roman_rep_1",
"long_name": "Early Roman Republic",
"start_year": -509,
"end_year": -264
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The Twelve Tables (c. 450 BCE) constitute the earliest written evidence of [moralistic supernatural enforcement] in the early Republic. […] In Table 8.21, it is decreed that a patron who defrauds a client shall be sacer. Here, sacer means “accursed,” such that an individual’s life is forfeited to the gods. The offense is the breaking of fides, an informal “good faith” agreement or a binding contract made within a formal relationship of reciprocity. Similarly, the early Roman leges regiae (laws attributed to the kings) declared that the lives of sons who abused their parents and daughters-in-law who mistreated a parent-in-law were forfeited to their parents’ gods (Festus 1889: 290, s.v. plorare). A similar judgment was made regarding persons who defrauded neighbors by moving boundary stones; their lives were forfeited to Jupiter Terminalis, the god of property lines (Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities 2.74.3). Certain breaches of fides and pietas (faith and duty) threatened social order and made one incur the penalty of becoming sacer (Ter Beek 2012: 27–8), because the gods who watched over the Roman state were offended and these deeds required expiation. In practical terms, a person who became sacer lost all protections of the law; he or she could be killed with impunity or otherwise mistreated. No particular individual was tasked with the punishment, and the exact means was left to the gods (Ter Beek 2012: 29), so this form of [moralistic supernatural enforcement] was not certain.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6N4XAUD7\">[Larson_et_al 2024, pp. 44-45]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 370,
"polity": {
"id": 108,
"name": "ir_seleucid_emp",
"long_name": "Seleucid Empire",
"start_year": -312,
"end_year": -63
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Texts such as the \"Confession Inscriptions\" of Lydia and Phrygia suggest belief in targeted [moralistic supernatural enforcement] among Anatolian commoners for some interpersonal offenses, though most transgressions described are ritual rather than moral. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NWCQSASD\">[Versnel_Cohen_Müller-Luckner 2009]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JM8SCEDQ\">[Petzl 1994]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 371,
"polity": {
"id": 350,
"name": "af_greco_bactrian_k",
"long_name": "Greco-Bactrian Kingdom",
"start_year": -256,
"end_year": -125
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "The Greco-Bactrians presided over a region where multiple highly moralizing religions were prominent, coexisted, and were at least partly incorporated in the official ideology, including Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, and Hinduism. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QE37R7HS\">[Mairs_Eidinov_Kindt 2015]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 372,
"polity": {
"id": 169,
"name": "tr_lysimachus_k",
"long_name": "Lysimachus Kingdom",
"start_year": -323,
"end_year": -281
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Texts such as the \"Confession Inscriptions\" of Lydia and Phrygia suggest belief in targeted [moralistic supernatural enforcement] among Anatolian commoners for some interpersonal offenses, though most transgressions described are ritual rather than moral. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NWCQSASD\">[Versnel_Cohen_Müller-Luckner 2009]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JM8SCEDQ\">[Petzl 1994]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 373,
"polity": {
"id": 109,
"name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_1",
"long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom I",
"start_year": -305,
"end_year": -217
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"[T]he motif of judgment after death, which in principle signifies concern with [moralistic supernatural enforcement], is attested on objects deposited in burials throughout the time from the New Kingdom to the Greco-Roman period [...]. How strong adherence to this conception was cannot be known, but its continued presence is beyond doubt.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 80]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 374,
"polity": {
"id": 207,
"name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_2",
"long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom II",
"start_year": -217,
"end_year": -30
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"[T]he motif of judgment after death, which in principle signifies concern with [moralistic supernatural enforcement], is attested on objects deposited in burials throughout the time from the New Kingdom to the Greco-Roman period [...]. How strong adherence to this conception was cannot be known, but its continued presence is beyond doubt.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 80]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 375,
"polity": {
"id": 205,
"name": "eg_inter_occupation",
"long_name": "Egypt - Inter-Occupation Period",
"start_year": -404,
"end_year": -342
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“From the New Kingdom onward, heart scarabs were commonly placed on the body in both elite and nonelite burials (Cooney 2008; Vanlathem 2001). These amulets, which were inscribed with a formula from the Book of the Dead enjoining the heart not to testify against its owner, were tied to beliefs surrounding judgment in the afterlife, and they suggest that people among a broader population than the elite expected to confront a divine judgment (Malaise 1978).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 78]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 376,
"polity": {
"id": 520,
"name": "eg_thebes_hyksos",
"long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period",
"start_year": -1720,
"end_year": -1567
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "A~P",
"comment": "The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant, likely written around 1800 BCE features, as its protagonist, a small-time farmer and trader who proclaims general morality and has supernatural agency in the background of his thought. Such a text would likely best be set in a context in which ordinary people could have such thoughts, fictional and exaggerated though it is. However, it is worth noting that it is difficult to point to direct evidence for commoners adopting moralistic supernatural enforcement beliefs until the New Kingdom. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/H49CNR9Q\">[book_The Tale of Sinuhe and Other Ancient...]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 377,
"polity": {
"id": 518,
"name": "eg_regions",
"long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions",
"start_year": -2150,
"end_year": -2016
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "\"[W]hile it is difficult to identify belief in moralizing supernatural punishment outside the elite group before the New Kingdom, this may have been present but not attested in available evidence. For any period, relevant evidence from the wider population is scarce to nonexistent.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 76]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 378,
"polity": {
"id": 519,
"name": "eg_middle_k",
"long_name": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom",
"start_year": -2016,
"end_year": -1700
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "\"[W]hile it is difficult to identify belief in moralizing supernatural punishment outside the elite group before the New Kingdom, this may have been present but not attested in available evidence. For any period, relevant evidence from the wider population is scarce to nonexistent.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 76]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 379,
"polity": {
"id": 458,
"name": "fr_capetian_k_2",
"long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian",
"start_year": 1150,
"end_year": 1328
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“In religious affairs the significance of the French contribution is indisputable. A flourishing centre of the religious life, the kingdom produced many of the great monastic orders of the Middle Ages: the Cluniacs, the Cistercians, the Premonstratensians, and later the Dominican friars. In the eleventh century the peace and truce of God emerged in France, an attempt by the church to curb the anarchy and brutality of society.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/66GFGV49\">[Hallam_West 2019, p. 438]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 380,
"polity": {
"id": 333,
"name": "fr_valois_k_1",
"long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois",
"start_year": 1328,
"end_year": 1450
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Probably the gravest challenge facing the Valois monarchs in the sixteenth century was the rise of Protestantism which threatened to destroy the kingdom’s unity. Religious toleration was unknown in sixteenth century France. ‘One law, one faith, one king’ was the rule that prevailed.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WK3ZW5C3\">[Knecht 2004, p. 177]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 381,
"polity": {
"id": 459,
"name": "fr_valois_k_2",
"long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Valois",
"start_year": 1450,
"end_year": 1589
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Probably the gravest challenge facing the Valois monarchs in the sixteenth century was the rise of Protestantism which threatened to destroy the kingdom’s unity. Religious toleration was unknown in sixteenth century France. ‘One law, one faith, one king’ was the rule that prevailed.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WK3ZW5C3\">[Knecht 2004, p. 177]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 382,
"polity": {
"id": 460,
"name": "fr_bourbon_k_1",
"long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Bourbon",
"start_year": 1589,
"end_year": 1660
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"It is obviously true that the overwhelming majority of French men and women were Roman Catholic, at least 90% of a population of between 18 and 20 million people in this period.\" (Mack Holt, pers. comm., 2023)",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 383,
"polity": {
"id": 461,
"name": "fr_bourbon_k_2",
"long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon",
"start_year": 1660,
"end_year": 1815
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Under the Edict of Nantes of 1598, designed to end religious warfare in France, the towns of France were classified as Catholic, Protestant or mixed, and the rights and privileges of each religious community were laid out.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7RICGURH\">[Garrioch 2014, p. 24]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 384,
"polity": {
"id": 566,
"name": "fr_france_napoleonic",
"long_name": "Napoleonic France",
"start_year": 1816,
"end_year": 1870
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 385,
"polity": {
"id": 748,
"name": "fr_france_modern_1",
"long_name": "Modern France I",
"start_year": 1871,
"end_year": 1940
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 386,
"polity": {
"id": 302,
"name": "gb_tudor_stuart",
"long_name": "England Tudor-Stuart",
"start_year": 1486,
"end_year": 1689
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 387,
"polity": {
"id": 579,
"name": "gb_england_plantagenet",
"long_name": "Plantagenet England",
"start_year": 1154,
"end_year": 1485
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 388,
"polity": {
"id": 586,
"name": "gb_england_norman",
"long_name": "Norman England",
"start_year": 1066,
"end_year": 1153
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 389,
"polity": {
"id": 191,
"name": "it_papal_state_2",
"long_name": "Papal States - Renaissance Period",
"start_year": 1378,
"end_year": 1527
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Most Italians wanted Church reform, few a new theology. Over the preceding two centuries they had elaborated a panoply of saints, texts, civic rituals, and devotions into a distinctively Italianate form of Renaissance Christianity. Most preferred to keep their own religious practices rather than adopt ‘German’ theology. Love of the Virgin and saints, more than respect for the hierarchy, kept them in the Catholic fold.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/79HN45T3\">[Najemy 2004, p. 81]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 390,
"polity": {
"id": 544,
"name": "it_venetian_rep_3",
"long_name": "Republic of Venice III",
"start_year": 1204,
"end_year": 1563
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Perhaps more decisive than the presence of the Inquisition and the police in Venice was the deeply Catholic piety of the majority of Venetians. Most Venetians, that is, continued to find meaning in the traditional teachings of the Catholic Church and to find considerable social support in the network of parishes, confraternities, and religious houses that were as much a part of the life of the city as the network of islands and canals that shaped their physical environment.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A68Q34WC\">[Martin 2020, p. 99]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 391,
"polity": {
"id": 190,
"name": "it_papal_state_1",
"long_name": "Papal States - High Medieval Period",
"start_year": 1198,
"end_year": 1309
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The homogenizing process of Christian missionary work had been largely successful; by the eleventh century the majority of Europe was Christian.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AX5J7D4G\">[Peterson 2009, p. 6]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 392,
"polity": {
"id": 708,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_1",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Renaissance Period",
"start_year": 1495,
"end_year": 1579
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Beginning with a first tentative sally into North Africa in 1415, Portugal was to accumulate in the three centuries that followed, an empire as improbable as any the world has seen. Far-flung and varied, this empire was accumulated with remarkable individual enterprise- and then held together by notable loyalty to certain basic institutions, particularly the crown and a specifically Portuguese brand of Catholicism.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PCA7PV64\">[Disney 2009]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 393,
"polity": {
"id": 545,
"name": "it_venetian_rep_4",
"long_name": "Republic of Venice IV",
"start_year": 1564,
"end_year": 1797
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The majority of Venetians, nobles and commoners, probably held Catholic views in varying degrees of fervour without concerning themselves with doctrinal subtleties.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZAZPNF9C\">[Grendler 1977, p. 26]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 394,
"polity": {
"id": 192,
"name": "it_papal_state_3",
"long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period I",
"start_year": 1527,
"end_year": 1648
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Most Italians wanted Church reform, few a new theology. Over the preceding two centuries they had elaborated a panoply of saints, texts, civic rituals, and devotions into a distinctively Italianate form of Renaissance Christianity. Most preferred to keep their own religious practices rather than adopt ‘German’ theology. Love of the Virgin and saints, more than respect for the hierarchy, kept them in the Catholic fold.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/79HN45T3\">[Najemy 2004, p. 81]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 395,
"polity": {
"id": 84,
"name": "es_spanish_emp_1",
"long_name": "Spanish Empire I",
"start_year": 1516,
"end_year": 1715
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Most Italians wanted Church reform, few a new theology. Over the preceding two centuries they had elaborated a panoply of saints, texts, civic rituals, and devotions into a distinctively Italianate form of Renaissance Christianity. Most preferred to keep their own religious practices rather than adopt ‘German’ theology. Love of the Virgin and saints, more than respect for the hierarchy, kept them in the Catholic fold.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/79HN45T3\">[Najemy 2004, p. 81]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 396,
"polity": {
"id": 709,
"name": "pt_portuguese_emp_2",
"long_name": "Portuguese Empire - Early Modern",
"start_year": 1640,
"end_year": 1806
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 397,
"polity": {
"id": 193,
"name": "it_papal_state_4",
"long_name": "Papal States - Early Modern Period II",
"start_year": 1648,
"end_year": 1809
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The Inquisition presence was felt in every diocese in Italy […] Concern for orthodoxy rendered devotion virtually universal and monolithic. This religion required simple conformity from the greatest number, and gave those who desired it almost limitless possibilities of expression – on orthodox lines.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B2S2SPVH\">[Hanlon 2000, p. 135]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 398,
"polity": {
"id": 570,
"name": "es_spanish_emp_2",
"long_name": "Spanish Empire II",
"start_year": 1716,
"end_year": 1814
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 399,
"polity": {
"id": 718,
"name": "es_spanish_emp_3",
"long_name": "Spanish Empire III",
"start_year": 1815,
"end_year": 1931
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 400,
"polity": {
"id": 116,
"name": "no_norway_k_2",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Norway II",
"start_year": 1262,
"end_year": 1396
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“In most parts of Scandinavia this public acceptance of Christianity occurred in the last four decades of the tenth century. The main exception was in Svealand where the most famous of all Scandinavian cult centres, at Uppsala, remained unconverted until about 1080 despite the presence in the Mälar region of many Christians. The old religion also persisted for a while in some remote regions; a raid on Småland by the Norwegian king Sigurd in 1123 was represented as a crusade, but that may have been to legitimize what was in fact a plundering expedition” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/B9QBG7TE\">[Sawyer_Sawyer 1993, p. 116]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 401,
"polity": {
"id": 317,
"name": "pl_piast_dyn_1",
"long_name": "Polish Kingdom - Piast Dynasty",
"start_year": 963,
"end_year": 1138
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 402,
"polity": {
"id": 810,
"name": "hu_arpad_dyn",
"long_name": "Hungary Kingdom - Árpád Dynasty",
"start_year": 1000,
"end_year": 1301
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 403,
"polity": {
"id": 799,
"name": "de_empire_2",
"long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Hohenstaufen and Welf Dynasties",
"start_year": 1126,
"end_year": 1254
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 404,
"polity": {
"id": 809,
"name": "pl_piast_dyn_2",
"long_name": "Polish Kingdom - Piast Dynasty Fragmented Period",
"start_year": 1139,
"end_year": 1382
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 405,
"polity": {
"id": 598,
"name": "cz_bohemian_k_1",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Bohemia - Přemyslid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1198,
"end_year": 1309
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 406,
"polity": {
"id": 807,
"name": "de_empire_2_sub",
"long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Hohenstaufen Faction",
"start_year": 1198,
"end_year": 1215
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 407,
"polity": {
"id": 800,
"name": "de_empire_3",
"long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Fragmented Period",
"start_year": 1255,
"end_year": 1453
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 408,
"polity": {
"id": 330,
"name": "pl_teutonic_order",
"long_name": "State of the Teutonic Order",
"start_year": 1300,
"end_year": 1400
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 409,
"polity": {
"id": 811,
"name": "hu_later_dyn",
"long_name": "Hungary Kingdom - Anjou and Later Dynasties",
"start_year": 1302,
"end_year": 1526
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 410,
"polity": {
"id": 568,
"name": "cz_bohemian_k_2",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Bohemia - Luxembourgian and Jagiellonian Dynasty",
"start_year": 1310,
"end_year": 1526
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 411,
"polity": {
"id": 334,
"name": "pl_jagiellonian_dyn",
"long_name": "Poland-Lithuania Kingdom",
"start_year": 1386,
"end_year": 1569
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 412,
"polity": {
"id": 565,
"name": "at_habsburg_1",
"long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I",
"start_year": 1454,
"end_year": 1648
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 413,
"polity": {
"id": 808,
"name": "pl_poland_lithuania_commonwealth",
"long_name": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth",
"start_year": 1570,
"end_year": 1791
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 414,
"polity": {
"id": 803,
"name": "de_bavaria_1",
"long_name": "Electorate of Bavaria",
"start_year": 1623,
"end_year": 1806
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 415,
"polity": {
"id": 567,
"name": "at_habsburg_2",
"long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II",
"start_year": 1649,
"end_year": 1918
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 416,
"polity": {
"id": 594,
"name": "at_interwar_austria",
"long_name": "Interwar Austria",
"start_year": 1918,
"end_year": 1938
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
}
]
}