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{
"id": 311,
"polity": {
"id": 480,
"name": "iq_isin_dynasty2",
"long_name": "Second Dynasty of Isin",
"start_year": -1153,
"end_year": -1027
},
"year_from": null,
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"tag": "TRS",
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"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Several texts from the Old Babylonian period onward testify to the fact that commoners had moralizing beliefs, and in particular believed that theycould be punished by the gods for violating oaths. For example, according to the Code of Hammurabi, a shepherd who had lost sheep could swear to the gods that this had been a result of illness or lion attacks, and the flock’s owner would have to trust the shepherd’s word. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KEUS9R3I\">[Postgate 1994, pp. 279-281]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 312,
"polity": {
"id": 479,
"name": "iq_babylonia_1",
"long_name": "Amorite Babylonia",
"start_year": -2000,
"end_year": -1600
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Several texts from the Old Babylonian period onward testify to the fact that commoners had moralizing beliefs, and in particular believed that theycould be punished by the gods for violating oaths. For example, according to the Code of Hammurabi, a shepherd who had lost sheep could swear to the gods that this had been a result of illness or lion attacks, and the flock’s owner would have to trust the shepherd’s word. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KEUS9R3I\">[Postgate 1994, pp. 279-281]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 313,
"polity": {
"id": 909,
"name": "iq_middle_assyrian_emp",
"long_name": "Middle Assyrian Empire",
"start_year": -1365,
"end_year": -912
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Several texts from the Old Babylonian period onward testify to the fact that commoners had moralizing beliefs, and in particular believed that theycould be punished by the gods for violating oaths. For example, according to the Code of Hammurabi, a shepherd who had lost sheep could swear to the gods that this had been a result of illness or lion attacks, and the flock’s owner would have to trust the shepherd’s word. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KEUS9R3I\">[Postgate 1994, pp. 279-281]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 314,
"polity": {
"id": 342,
"name": "iq_babylonia_2",
"long_name": "Kassite Babylonia",
"start_year": -1595,
"end_year": -1150
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Several texts from the Old Babylonian period onward testify to the fact that commoners had moralizing beliefs, and in particular believed that theycould be punished by the gods for violating oaths. For example, according to the Code of Hammurabi, a shepherd who had lost sheep could swear to the gods that this had been a result of illness or lion attacks, and the flock’s owner would have to trust the shepherd’s word. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KEUS9R3I\">[Postgate 1994, pp. 279-281]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 315,
"polity": {
"id": 512,
"name": "eg_naqada_2",
"long_name": "Naqada II",
"start_year": -3550,
"end_year": -3300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 316,
"polity": {
"id": 511,
"name": "eg_naqada_1",
"long_name": "Naqada I",
"start_year": -3800,
"end_year": -3550
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 317,
"polity": {
"id": 421,
"name": "cn_erlitou",
"long_name": "Erlitou",
"start_year": -1850,
"end_year": -1600
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Inferring absence based on the absent code for the most recent period that has left written evidence of religious beliefs (Late Shang, c. 1250-1046 BCE). That absent code is based on the following quote: “Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 318,
"polity": {
"id": 419,
"name": "cn_yangshao",
"long_name": "Yangshao",
"start_year": -5000,
"end_year": -3000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Inferring absence based on the absent code for the most recent period that has left written evidence of religious beliefs (Late Shang, c. 1250-1046 BCE). That absent code is based on the following quote: “Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 319,
"polity": {
"id": 420,
"name": "cn_longshan",
"long_name": "Longshan",
"start_year": -3000,
"end_year": -1900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Inferring absence based on the absent code for the most recent period that has left written evidence of religious beliefs (Late Shang, c. 1250-1046 BCE). That absent code is based on the following quote: “Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 320,
"polity": {
"id": 422,
"name": "cn_erligang",
"long_name": "Erligang",
"start_year": -1650,
"end_year": -1250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Inferring absence based on the absent code for the most recent period that has left written evidence of religious beliefs (Late Shang, c. 1250-1046 BCE). That absent code is based on the following quote: “Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 321,
"polity": {
"id": 64,
"name": "gr_crete_post_palace_1",
"long_name": "Postpalatial Crete",
"start_year": -1300,
"end_year": -1200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Another, complementary approach is to situate the Myceneans and other speakers of Indo-European languages in the Mediterranean, within the larger Indo-European cultural sphere. Jean Haudry (1993) compared oath formulas from a number of Indo-European languages (Old Norse, Russian, Sanskrit, and Persian) and found that they share the image of the perjurer struck by his own weapon. Thus, the mechanism by which the oath ritual works is likely an Indo-European concept, and so this aspect of [moralistic supernatural enforcement] was probably present. Another aspect of MSP among Indo-European peoples is the notion that abuse of norms between guests and hosts will be punished and outstanding hospitality rewarded, but once again our evidence is best attested in the historical period, discussed below.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, pp. 20-21]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 322,
"polity": {
"id": 63,
"name": "gr_crete_mono_palace",
"long_name": "Monopalatial Crete",
"start_year": -1450,
"end_year": -1300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Another, complementary approach is to situate the Myceneans and other speakers of Indo-European languages in the Mediterranean, within the larger Indo-European cultural sphere. Jean Haudry (1993) compared oath formulas from a number of Indo-European languages (Old Norse, Russian, Sanskrit, and Persian) and found that they share the image of the perjurer struck by his own weapon. Thus, the mechanism by which the oath ritual works is likely an Indo-European concept, and so this aspect of [moralistic supernatural enforcement] was probably present. Another aspect of MSP among Indo-European peoples is the notion that abuse of norms between guests and hosts will be punished and outstanding hospitality rewarded, but once again our evidence is best attested in the historical period, discussed below.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, pp. 20-21]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 323,
"polity": {
"id": 65,
"name": "gr_crete_post_palace_2",
"long_name": "Final Postpalatial Crete",
"start_year": -1200,
"end_year": -1000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Another, complementary approach is to situate the Myceneans and other speakers of Indo-European languages in the Mediterranean, within the larger Indo-European cultural sphere. Jean Haudry (1993) compared oath formulas from a number of Indo-European languages (Old Norse, Russian, Sanskrit, and Persian) and found that they share the image of the perjurer struck by his own weapon. Thus, the mechanism by which the oath ritual works is likely an Indo-European concept, and so this aspect of [moralistic supernatural enforcement] was probably present. Another aspect of MSP among Indo-European peoples is the notion that abuse of norms between guests and hosts will be punished and outstanding hospitality rewarded, but once again our evidence is best attested in the historical period, discussed below.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, pp. 20-21]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 324,
"polity": {
"id": 62,
"name": "gr_crete_new_palace",
"long_name": "New Palace Crete",
"start_year": -1700,
"end_year": -1450
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 325,
"polity": {
"id": 61,
"name": "gr_crete_old_palace",
"long_name": "Old Palace Crete",
"start_year": -1900,
"end_year": -1700
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 328,
"polity": {
"id": 443,
"name": "mn_mongol_late",
"long_name": "Late Mongols",
"start_year": 1368,
"end_year": 1690
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Despite their conversion, Mongols did not forswear their traditional cult of heaven and went forward venerating the two very different religions [Buddhism and Tengrism] as nominally coequal until the coming of modernity.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3UJD4A7C\">[May_Hope 2022, p. 681]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 330,
"polity": {
"id": 267,
"name": "mn_mongol_emp",
"long_name": "Mongol Empire",
"start_year": 1206,
"end_year": 1270
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“As the Mongol victories expanded the territories under their control, they required both advisors and administrators experienced in matters of rule. For this they enlisted the services of individuals native to or familiar with the cultures of the conquered regions. Often, especially in Central and Western Asia, this meant relying on Muslims, but Christians, Buddhists and others were not excluded from positions of influence. Muslim merchants, valued for their financial acumen, were appointed as fiscal advisors and tax collectors.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/X7FRVGSJ\">[Foltz_Jianyi 1999, p. 45]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 331,
"polity": {
"id": 442,
"name": "mn_mongol_early",
"long_name": "Early Mongols",
"start_year": 1000,
"end_year": 1206
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Tengrism appears to have included moralizing beliefs. \"Erleg Khan, ruler of the lower world, is responsible for the disposition of the suns, and determines when and where it reincarnates. If a soul was extremely evil during its life on earth he may send it to Ela Guren, a part of the lower world where souls are extinguished forever.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/S4CBUW7I\">[Odigan_Stewart 1997]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 332,
"polity": {
"id": 48,
"name": "id_medang_k",
"long_name": "Medang Kingdom",
"start_year": 732,
"end_year": 1019
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“In Central Java, Hindu-saiva and Buddha Mahayana thrived between the 8th and 10th centuries AD.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PSERXVCV\">[Munandar_et_al 2017, p. 661]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 333,
"polity": {
"id": 50,
"name": "id_majapahit_k",
"long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom",
"start_year": 1292,
"end_year": 1518
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The kingdom was the island’s last influential Hindu-Buddhist state, and was thus the last in a long line of Indie principalities which, over a thousand-year period, had propagated peculiarly Southeast Asian variants of Sivaism and Buddhism on the island.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BJ7UGKVR\">[Hefner 1990, p. 6]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 334,
"polity": {
"id": 282,
"name": "kg_western_turk_khaganate",
"long_name": "Western Turk Khaganate",
"start_year": 582,
"end_year": 630
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Tengrism appears to have included moralizing beliefs. \"Erleg Khan, ruler of the lower world, is responsible for the disposition of the suns, and determines when and where it reincarnates. If a soul was extremely evil during its life on earth he may send it to Ela Guren, a part of the lower world where souls are extinguished forever.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/S4CBUW7I\">[Odigan_Stewart 1997]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 335,
"polity": {
"id": 468,
"name": "uz_sogdiana_city_states",
"long_name": "Sogdiana - City-States Period",
"start_year": 604,
"end_year": 711
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Sogd did not have an organized state religion, although the majority of its population adhered to Mazdeism and Zurvanism [a sect of Zoroastrianism/Mazdeism], which included some Hellenistic and Indian Buddhist influences.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/V8KA2GID\">[Zhivkov 2015, p. 225]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 336,
"polity": {
"id": 623,
"name": "zi_toutswe",
"long_name": "Toutswe",
"start_year": 700,
"end_year": 1250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 337,
"polity": {
"id": 440,
"name": "mn_turk_khaganate_2",
"long_name": "Second Turk Khaganate",
"start_year": 682,
"end_year": 744
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Tengrism appears to have included moralizing beliefs. \"Erleg Khan, ruler of the lower world, is responsible for the disposition of the suns, and determines when and where it reincarnates. If a soul was extremely evil during its life on earth he may send it to Ela Guren, a part of the lower world where souls are extinguished forever.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/S4CBUW7I\">[Odigan_Stewart 1997]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 338,
"polity": {
"id": 283,
"name": "mn_turk_khaganate_1",
"long_name": "Eastern Turk Khaganate",
"start_year": 583,
"end_year": 630
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Tengrism appears to have included moralizing beliefs. \"Erleg Khan, ruler of the lower world, is responsible for the disposition of the suns, and determines when and where it reincarnates. If a soul was extremely evil during its life on earth he may send it to Ela Guren, a part of the lower world where souls are extinguished forever.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/S4CBUW7I\">[Odigan_Stewart 1997]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 339,
"polity": {
"id": 261,
"name": "cn_tang_dyn_1",
"long_name": "Tang Dynasty I",
"start_year": 617,
"end_year": 763
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Fully developed [belief in moralizing supernatural enforcement] arrived in China with Buddhism, which started making inroads during the first century CE, first became [part of] the official ideology c. 300 CE, and became a mass religion during the Tang period (eighth century).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/59DP8DST\">[Levine_et_al 2025, p. 262]</a> \"merit making and avoidance of bad karma continued to be highly salient in most Mahayana societies\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 113]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 340,
"polity": {
"id": 260,
"name": "cn_sui_dyn",
"long_name": "Sui Dynasty",
"start_year": 581,
"end_year": 618
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"By the time the Sui dynasty was founded, Daoism had matured into a powerful, organized religion, wielding significant influence at court. But the truly ecumenical religion at that time was its rival, Buddhism. All sectors of the population came under its spell. Large numbers of Buddhist monasteries were set up and Buddhist imagery— statues, paintings, and murals— dominated religious iconography. A vast corpus of Buddhist literature was written and multitudes of believers left their families behind to join the clergy.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C73MNB3S\">[Xiong 2006, p. 152]</a> \"merit making and avoidance of bad karma continued to be highly salient in most Mahayana societies\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 113]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 341,
"polity": {
"id": 288,
"name": "mn_khitan_1",
"long_name": "Khitan I",
"start_year": 907,
"end_year": 1125
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Referring to Buddhism: \"As a result of such encouragement temples and monasteries began to spring up, built by the imperial family, the nobility, and the common people. The religion probably was most popular during the reigns of Sheng-tsung, Hsing-tsung, and Tao-tsung, from 982 to 1101, the period when the dynasty itself was most powerful. The number in the monastic community must have been fairly high, for in 1078 Tao-tsung was said to have fed 360,000 monks and nuns in the empire. Sometimes imperial encouragement consisted of donations of property to temples. The influence of the religion may be seen in the decline of animal sacrifice to heaven, for after the reign of Sheng-tsung, who ruled until 1031, notices of such animal sacrifices practically disappeared. The spirit of compassion was implemented by decrees forbidding the taking of lives on certain fast days, and cremation was now practiced by the Khitans.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SDPZ7RTB\">[Ch'en 2020, p. 410]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 342,
"polity": {
"id": 266,
"name": "cn_later_great_jin",
"long_name": "Jin Dynasty",
"start_year": 1115,
"end_year": 1234
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"When the Jurchens invaded the Liao state, they encountered a flourishing Buddhism receiving considerable patronage from the Liao court.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/2QG2628P\">[Twitchett_Franke_Franke 1994, p. 313]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 343,
"polity": {
"id": 264,
"name": "cn_tang_dyn_2",
"long_name": "Tang Dynasty II",
"start_year": 763,
"end_year": 907
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Fully developed [belief in moralizing supernatural enforcement] arrived in China with Buddhism, which started making inroads during the first century CE, first became [part of] the official ideology c. 300 CE, and became a mass religion during the Tang period (eighth century).\" [Levine_et_al 2025, p. 262] \"merit making and avoidance of bad karma continued to be highly salient in most Mahayana societies\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/59DP8DST\">[Levine_et_al 2025, p. 262]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 344,
"polity": {
"id": 269,
"name": "cn_ming_dyn",
"long_name": "Great Ming",
"start_year": 1368,
"end_year": 1644
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The heuristic key of “ popular religion ” opens up vistas of a vast religious landscape that includes diverse phenomena such as the ancestral cult at house altars and lineage halls, the worship of tutelary deities at roadside shrines and village temples, the lifecycle rituals of families, the seasonal festivals of communities, and the beliefs and practices of numerous so - called “ popular sects ” (i.e., lay - based religious movements with their own scriptures, traditions, and leadership separate from the major religious traditions). Buddhism and Daoism as well as the Chinese state have always featured in this “ lived religion ” in some fashion or other.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IVGNITJG\">[Clart_Nadeau 2012, p. 220]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 345,
"polity": {
"id": 1,
"name": "cn_qing_dyn_1",
"long_name": "Early Qing",
"start_year": 1644,
"end_year": 1796
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The heuristic key of “ popular religion ” opens up vistas of a vast religious landscape that includes diverse phenomena such as the ancestral cult at house altars and lineage halls, the worship of tutelary deities at roadside shrines and village temples, the lifecycle rituals of families, the seasonal festivals of communities, and the beliefs and practices of numerous so - called “ popular sects ” (i.e., lay - based religious movements with their own scriptures, traditions, and leadership separate from the major religious traditions). Buddhism and Daoism as well as the Chinese state have always featured in this “ lived religion ” in some fashion or other.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IVGNITJG\">[Clart_Nadeau 2012, p. 220]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 346,
"polity": {
"id": 2,
"name": "cn_qing_dyn_2",
"long_name": "Late Qing",
"start_year": 1796,
"end_year": 1912
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The heuristic key of “ popular religion ” opens up vistas of a vast religious landscape that includes diverse phenomena such as the ancestral cult at house altars and lineage halls, the worship of tutelary deities at roadside shrines and village temples, the lifecycle rituals of families, the seasonal festivals of communities, and the beliefs and practices of numerous so - called “ popular sects ” (i.e., lay - based religious movements with their own scriptures, traditions, and leadership separate from the major religious traditions). Buddhism and Daoism as well as the Chinese state have always featured in this “ lived religion ” in some fashion or other.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IVGNITJG\">[Clart_Nadeau 2012, p. 220]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 348,
"polity": {
"id": 251,
"name": "cn_western_han_dyn",
"long_name": "Western Han Empire",
"start_year": -202,
"end_year": 9
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Popular religion included its own versions of [moralizing supernatural enforcement], enforced by a variety of spirits.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/59DP8DST\">[Levine_et_al 2025, p. 261]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 349,
"polity": {
"id": 253,
"name": "cn_eastern_han_dyn",
"long_name": "Eastern Han Empire",
"start_year": 25,
"end_year": 220
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Popular religion included its own versions of [moralizing supernatural enforcement], enforced by a variety of spirits.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/59DP8DST\">[Levine_et_al 2025, p. 261]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 351,
"polity": {
"id": 425,
"name": "cn_northern_song_dyn",
"long_name": "Northern Song",
"start_year": 960,
"end_year": 1127
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Fully developed [belief in moralizing supernatural enforcement] arrived in China with Buddhism, which started making inroads during the first century CE, first became [part of] the official ideology c. 300 CE, and became a mass religion during the Tang period (eighth century).\" [Levine_et_al 2025, p. 262] \"merit making and avoidance of bad karma continued to be highly salient in most Mahayana societies\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 113]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 352,
"polity": {
"id": 245,
"name": "cn_jin_spring_and_autumn",
"long_name": "Jin",
"start_year": -780,
"end_year": -404
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Popular religion included its own versions of [moralizing supernatural enforcement], enforced by a variety of spirits. In common with many other religious traditions described in this volume, ritual transgressions were not clearly distinguished from antisocial behavior.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/59DP8DST\">[Levine_et_al 2025, p. 261]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 354,
"polity": {
"id": 889,
"name": "cn_qi_spring_autumn",
"long_name": "Qi - Spring and Autumn",
"start_year": -770,
"end_year": -489
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Popular religion included its own versions of [moralizing supernatural enforcement], enforced by a variety of spirits. In common with many other religious traditions described in this volume, ritual transgressions were not clearly distinguished from antisocial behavior.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/59DP8DST\">[Levine_et_al 2025, p. 261]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 355,
"polity": {
"id": 890,
"name": "cn_qi_warring_states",
"long_name": "Qi - Warring States",
"start_year": -488,
"end_year": -222
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Popular religion included its own versions of [moralizing supernatural enforcement], enforced by a variety of spirits. In common with many other religious traditions described in this volume, ritual transgressions were not clearly distinguished from antisocial behavior.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/59DP8DST\">[Levine_et_al 2025, p. 261]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 356,
"polity": {
"id": 423,
"name": "cn_eastern_zhou_warring_states",
"long_name": "Eastern Zhou",
"start_year": -475,
"end_year": -256
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Popular religion included its own versions of [moralizing supernatural enforcement], enforced by a variety of spirits. In common with many other religious traditions described in this volume, ritual transgressions were not clearly distinguished from antisocial behavior.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/59DP8DST\">[Levine_et_al 2025, p. 261]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 357,
"polity": {
"id": 424,
"name": "cn_wei_dyn_warring_states",
"long_name": "Early Wei Dynasty",
"start_year": -445,
"end_year": -225
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Popular religion included its own versions of [moralizing supernatural enforcement], enforced by a variety of spirits. In common with many other religious traditions described in this volume, ritual transgressions were not clearly distinguished from antisocial behavior.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/59DP8DST\">[Levine_et_al 2025, p. 261]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 358,
"polity": {
"id": 250,
"name": "cn_qin_emp",
"long_name": "Qin Empire",
"start_year": -338,
"end_year": -207
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Popular religion included its own versions of [moralizing supernatural enforcement], enforced by a variety of spirits. In common with many other religious traditions described in this volume, ritual transgressions were not clearly distinguished from antisocial behavior.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/59DP8DST\">[Levine_et_al 2025, p. 261]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 359,
"polity": {
"id": 465,
"name": "uz_khwarasm_1",
"long_name": "Ancient Khwarazm",
"start_year": -1000,
"end_year": -521
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Although there is no direct evidence of belief in [moralistic supernatural enforcement] being present or absent in Sogdiana until the emergence of Zoroastrianism, it is more likely that it was absent in all preceding polities because comparison between two well-documented religious traditions that likely derived from it (Vedic Hinduism and Zoroastrianism) allows for partial reconstruction of the Indo-Iranian religion, which was likely prevalent in this region at this time. This comparison suggests that the god Mithra (one of many in the pantheon) may have been believed to reward honesty and reciprocity and punish those who transgressed against either. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9HR9GKMX\">[Thieme 1960, pp. 307-309]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T4GZD9KV\">[Gnoli_Yarshater 2004]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9AVQEENP\">[Gnoli_Lubin_Jones 2005]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 360,
"polity": {
"id": 466,
"name": "uz_koktepe_2",
"long_name": "Koktepe II",
"start_year": -750,
"end_year": -550
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Although there is no direct evidence of belief in [moralistic supernatural enforcement] being present or absent in Sogdiana until the emergence of Zoroastrianism, it is more likely that it was absent in all preceding polities because comparison between two well-documented religious traditions that likely derived from it (Vedic Hinduism and Zoroastrianism) allows for partial reconstruction of the Indo-Iranian religion, which was likely prevalent in this region at this time. This comparison suggests that the god Mithra (one of many in the pantheon) may have been believed to reward honesty and reciprocity and punish those who transgressed against either. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9HR9GKMX\">[Thieme 1960, pp. 307-309]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T4GZD9KV\">[Gnoli_Yarshater 2004]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9AVQEENP\">[Gnoli_Lubin_Jones 2005]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 361,
"polity": {
"id": 463,
"name": "kz_andronovo",
"long_name": "Andronovo",
"start_year": -1800,
"end_year": -1200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Although there is no direct evidence of belief in [moralistic supernatural enforcement] being present or absent in Sogdiana until the emergence of Zoroastrianism, it is more likely that it was absent in all preceding polities because comparison between two well-documented religious traditions that likely derived from it (Vedic Hinduism and Zoroastrianism) allows for partial reconstruction of the Indo-Iranian religion, which was likely prevalent in this region at this time. This comparison suggests that the god Mithra (one of many in the pantheon) may have been believed to reward honesty and reciprocity and punish those who transgressed against either. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9HR9GKMX\">[Thieme 1960, pp. 307-309]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T4GZD9KV\">[Gnoli_Yarshater 2004]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9AVQEENP\">[Gnoli_Lubin_Jones 2005]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 362,
"polity": {
"id": 464,
"name": "uz_koktepe_1",
"long_name": "Koktepe I",
"start_year": -1400,
"end_year": -1000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Although there is no direct evidence of belief in [moralistic supernatural enforcement] being present or absent in Sogdiana until the emergence of Zoroastrianism, it is more likely that it was absent in all preceding polities because comparison between two well-documented religious traditions that likely derived from it (Vedic Hinduism and Zoroastrianism) allows for partial reconstruction of the Indo-Iranian religion, which was likely prevalent in this region at this time. This comparison suggests that the god Mithra (one of many in the pantheon) may have been believed to reward honesty and reciprocity and punish those who transgressed against either. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9HR9GKMX\">[Thieme 1960, pp. 307-309]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/T4GZD9KV\">[Gnoli_Yarshater 2004]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9AVQEENP\">[Gnoli_Lubin_Jones 2005]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 363,
"polity": {
"id": 129,
"name": "af_hephthalite_emp",
"long_name": "Hephthalite Empire",
"start_year": 408,
"end_year": 561
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "“We have no evidence of the specific content of these religious beliefs but it is quite possible that they belonged to the Iranian (or Indo-Iranian) group.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7MTFU42T\">[Litvinsky_et_al 1996, p. 147]</a> However, sources on Indo-Iranian beliefes tend to privilege much earlier time periods.",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 364,
"polity": {
"id": 354,
"name": "ye_himyar_2",
"long_name": "Himyar II",
"start_year": 378,
"end_year": 525
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "A single known inscription (MB 2002 I-28) describes an instance of divine punishment that may be interpreted as moralistic. The transgression had been selling food to neighbouring communities during bad harvest years, and selling enslaved people from one’s own community to other communities. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/F54SC2DB\">[Multhoff_et_al 2008]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IR3ESBXZ\">[Maraqten 2006]</a> Inscriptions note claim that landlords and tenants worshipped the same patron deity. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W94UAFFP\">[Hoyland 2001, pp. 140-141]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 365,
"polity": {
"id": 70,
"name": "it_roman_principate",
"long_name": "Roman Empire - Principate",
"start_year": -31,
"end_year": 284
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“As one means of seeking justice for a perceived wrongdoing, an individual might turn to so-called “magical” practices to invoke divine retribution (on the use of the term magic to describe these ritual practices, see Frankfurter 2019). The most common of these “magical” practices are defixiones (or curse tablets), which have been found throughout the Roman Empire, from Asia Minor to Italy and Britain (Eidinow 2019: 351). Though the term defixiones encompasses a wide variety of texts, many are classified as “prayers for justice” and attest to a conception of [moralistic supernatural enforcement]. On these tablets, wronged individuals would invoke the names and agencies of divinities to enact justice on their transgressors. […] For example, a tablet from southern Italy transfers the ownership of the author’s stolen garments and gold pieces to an anonymous goddess and beseeches her to torment the thief until they are returned to the goddess’s temple (Gager 1992: 192, no. 92).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6N4XAUD7\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 52]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 366,
"polity": {
"id": 71,
"name": "tr_roman_dominate",
"long_name": "Roman Empire - Dominate",
"start_year": 285,
"end_year": 394
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“As one means of seeking justice for a perceived wrongdoing, an individual might turn to so-called “magical” practices to invoke divine retribution (on the use of the term magic to describe these ritual practices, see Frankfurter 2019). The most common of these “magical” practices are defixiones (or curse tablets), which have been found throughout the Roman Empire, from Asia Minor to Italy and Britain (Eidinow 2019: 351). Though the term defixiones encompasses a wide variety of texts, many are classified as “prayers for justice” and attest to a conception of [moralistic supernatural enforcement]. On these tablets, wronged individuals would invoke the names and agencies of divinities to enact justice on their transgressors. […] For example, a tablet from southern Italy transfers the ownership of the author’s stolen garments and gold pieces to an anonymous goddess and beseeches her to torment the thief until they are returned to the goddess’s temple (Gager 1992: 192, no. 92).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6N4XAUD7\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 52]</a>",
"description": ""
}
]
}