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"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
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"comment": "The following summary—based on admittedly meagre evidence—suggests a belief system that did not feature moralizing supernatural enforcement. “Syro-Canaanite religion can be best summed up as a belief in a group of deities or supernatural beings that were immanent in the natural world, although generally hidden from human view. Their powers were manifested through natural phenomena and in political and military acts of the rulers or kings whom they chose and supported. The gods and humans related in a master-servant relationship. The gods provided blessing and support to the people, and the people were expected to serve the deities, with various gifts and lavish praise. Offending the deities could anger them and bring catastrophe to humans.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A3BCAWIE\">[Wright_Iles-Johnson 2004, p. 179]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
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"comment": "The following summary—based on admittedly meagre evidence—suggests a belief system that did not feature moralizing supernatural enforcement. “Syro-Canaanite religion can be best summed up as a belief in a group of deities or supernatural beings that were immanent in the natural world, although generally hidden from human view. Their powers were manifested through natural phenomena and in political and military acts of the rulers or kings whom they chose and supported. The gods and humans related in a master-servant relationship. The gods provided blessing and support to the people, and the people were expected to serve the deities, with various gifts and lavish praise. Offending the deities could anger them and bring catastrophe to humans.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A3BCAWIE\">[Wright_Iles-Johnson 2004, p. 179]</a>",
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"id": 660,
"name": "ni_igodomingodo",
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"name": "ni_aro",
"long_name": "Aro",
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"tag": "TRS",
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"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
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"name": "ni_nri_k",
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"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
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"name": "ni_proto_yoruboid",
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"is_disputed": false,
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"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
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{
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"id": 655,
"name": "ni_proto_yoruba",
"long_name": "Proto-Yoruba",
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},
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"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
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"id": 657,
"name": "ni_formative_yoruba",
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"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
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"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
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{
"id": 267,
"polity": {
"id": 19,
"name": "us_hawaii_3",
"long_name": "Hawaii III",
"start_year": 1580,
"end_year": 1778
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
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{
"id": 269,
"polity": {
"id": 20,
"name": "us_kamehameha_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Kamehameha Period",
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},
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"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
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{
"id": 271,
"polity": {
"id": 18,
"name": "us_hawaii_2",
"long_name": "Hawaii II",
"start_year": 1200,
"end_year": 1580
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"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "A~P",
"comment": "“[T]he most important ancestral deities, the ‘aumakua, had been transformed by late precontact times into enforcers of “moral law” (Valeri 1985: 24). They were concerned not only with being nourished by offerings but also with their descendants’ adherence to a broader system of norms, which included both ritual and ethical obligations—a distinction between the two was not emic for the Hawaiians. […] What we can say is that Hawaiian religion of the earliest periods represented an intermediate stage between the concepts, deities, and rites inherited from central-eastern Polynesia and the more intricate and formalized system in place by the late eighteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9MDFMQ73\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 274]</a>",
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{
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"polity": {
"id": 17,
"name": "us_hawaii_1",
"long_name": "Hawaii I",
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},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "A~P",
"comment": "“[T]he most important ancestral deities, the ‘aumakua, had been transformed by late precontact times into enforcers of “moral law” (Valeri 1985: 24). They were concerned not only with being nourished by offerings but also with their descendants’ adherence to a broader system of norms, which included both ritual and ethical obligations—a distinction between the two was not emic for the Hawaiians. […] What we can say is that Hawaiian religion of the earliest periods represented an intermediate stage between the concepts, deities, and rites inherited from central-eastern Polynesia and the more intricate and formalized system in place by the late eighteenth century.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9MDFMQ73\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 274]</a>",
"description": ""
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{
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"polity": {
"id": 21,
"name": "us_hawaii_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period",
"start_year": 1820,
"end_year": 1898
},
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"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
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{
"id": 274,
"polity": {
"id": 538,
"name": "ye_sabaean_commonwealth",
"long_name": "Sabaean Commonwealth",
"start_year": -800,
"end_year": -451
},
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"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "A single known inscription (MB 2002 I-28) describes an instance of divine punishment that may be interpreted as moralistic. The transgression had been selling food to neighbouring communities during bad harvest years, and selling enslaved people from one’s own community to other communities. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/F54SC2DB\">[Multhoff_et_al 2008]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IR3ESBXZ\">[Maraqten 2006]</a> Inscriptions note claim that landlords and tenants worshipped the same patron deity. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W94UAFFP\">[Hoyland 2001, pp. 140-141]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
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"id": 539,
"name": "ye_qatabanian_commonwealth",
"long_name": "Qatabanian Commonwealth",
"start_year": -450,
"end_year": -111
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "A single known inscription (MB 2002 I-28) describes an instance of divine punishment that may be interpreted as moralistic. The transgression had been selling food to neighbouring communities during bad harvest years, and selling enslaved people from one’s own community to other communities. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/F54SC2DB\">[Multhoff_et_al 2008]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IR3ESBXZ\">[Maraqten 2006]</a> Inscriptions note claim that landlords and tenants worshipped the same patron deity. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W94UAFFP\">[Hoyland 2001, pp. 140-141]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 276,
"polity": {
"id": 540,
"name": "ye_saba_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Saba and Dhu Raydan",
"start_year": -110,
"end_year": 149
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "A single known inscription (MB 2002 I-28) describes an instance of divine punishment that may be interpreted as moralistic. The transgression had been selling food to neighbouring communities during bad harvest years, and selling enslaved people from one’s own community to other communities. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/F54SC2DB\">[Multhoff_et_al 2008]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IR3ESBXZ\">[Maraqten 2006]</a> Inscriptions note claim that landlords and tenants worshipped the same patron deity. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W94UAFFP\">[Hoyland 2001, pp. 140-141]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 277,
"polity": {
"id": 353,
"name": "ye_himyar_1",
"long_name": "Himyar I",
"start_year": 270,
"end_year": 340
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "A single known inscription (MB 2002 I-28) describes an instance of divine punishment that may be interpreted as moralistic. The transgression had been selling food to neighbouring communities during bad harvest years, and selling enslaved people from one’s own community to other communities. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/F54SC2DB\">[Multhoff_et_al 2008]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IR3ESBXZ\">[Maraqten 2006]</a> Inscriptions note claim that landlords and tenants worshipped the same patron deity. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W94UAFFP\">[Hoyland 2001, pp. 140-141]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 278,
"polity": {
"id": 208,
"name": "et_aksum_emp_1",
"long_name": "Axum I",
"start_year": -149,
"end_year": 349
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"For hundreds of years prior to the local advent of Christianity, it seems that a form or forms of polytheistic belief-system analogous – but by no means identical – to that known to have been established in southern Arabia prevailed also in the northern Horn. Although the deities’ names indicated by the known inscriptions are – with one exception – different, use of the crescent-and-disc symbol – known in earlier times on altars and incense-burners in both southern Arabia and the northern Horn (cf. Chapter 3) – was continued in pre-Christian Aksumite times on coins and on the Anza and Matara stelae (Chapter 6 and 7 respectively), which have been dated to the third century on palaeographic grounds.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3CGX9GMX\">[Phillipson 2012, p. 91]</a> A single known inscription (MB 2002 I-28) describes an instance of divine punishment that may be interpreted as moralistic. The transgression had been selling food to neighbouring communities during bad harvest years, and selling enslaved people from one’s own community to other communities. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/F54SC2DB\">[Multhoff_et_al 2008]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IR3ESBXZ\">[Maraqten 2006]</a> Inscriptions note claim that landlords and tenants worshipped the same patron deity. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/W94UAFFP\">[Hoyland 2001, pp. 140-141]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 279,
"polity": {
"id": 306,
"name": "fr_merovingian_emp_2",
"long_name": "Middle Merovingian",
"start_year": 543,
"end_year": 687
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Unlike the Greek and Roman religions, Christianity had moral aspects tightly integrated into its religious framework. It was not easy to convey that novel model (and the related practices), developed in the context of an elitist movement, to the mass membership of the post-Constantinian Church. The new system can be summarized in this way: humans commit all kinds of sins, which destines them for eternal punishment in Hell; humans lack the power to perfect themselves so they can escape eternal punishment; God offers a way out of sin (and its consequences), but humans have to accept His offer; God’s grace works through the practices of the Church, which believers have to follow to escape Hell.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NC2F8S9P\">[Czachesz_et_al 2024, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 280,
"polity": {
"id": 309,
"name": "fr_carolingian_emp_1",
"long_name": "Carolingian Empire I",
"start_year": 752,
"end_year": 840
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Unlike the Greek and Roman religions, Christianity had moral aspects tightly integrated into its religious framework. It was not easy to convey that novel model (and the related practices), developed in the context of an elitist movement, to the mass membership of the post-Constantinian Church. The new system can be summarized in this way: humans commit all kinds of sins, which destines them for eternal punishment in Hell; humans lack the power to perfect themselves so they can escape eternal punishment; God offers a way out of sin (and its consequences), but humans have to accept His offer; God’s grace works through the practices of the Church, which believers have to follow to escape Hell.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NC2F8S9P\">[Czachesz_et_al 2024, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
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"polity": {
"id": 186,
"name": "it_ostrogoth_k",
"long_name": "Ostrogothic Kingdom",
"start_year": 489,
"end_year": 554
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Unlike the Greek and Roman religions, Christianity had moral aspects tightly integrated into its religious framework. It was not easy to convey that novel model (and the related practices), developed in the context of an elitist movement, to the mass membership of the post-Constantinian Church. The new system can be summarized in this way: humans commit all kinds of sins, which destines them for eternal punishment in Hell; humans lack the power to perfect themselves so they can escape eternal punishment; God offers a way out of sin (and its consequences), but humans have to accept His offer; God’s grace works through the practices of the Church, which believers have to follow to escape Hell.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NC2F8S9P\">[Czachesz_et_al 2024, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 282,
"polity": {
"id": 187,
"name": "it_ravenna_exarchate",
"long_name": "Exarchate of Ravenna",
"start_year": 568,
"end_year": 751
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Unlike the Greek and Roman religions, Christianity had moral aspects tightly integrated into its religious framework. It was not easy to convey that novel model (and the related practices), developed in the context of an elitist movement, to the mass membership of the post-Constantinian Church. The new system can be summarized in this way: humans commit all kinds of sins, which destines them for eternal punishment in Hell; humans lack the power to perfect themselves so they can escape eternal punishment; God offers a way out of sin (and its consequences), but humans have to accept His offer; God’s grace works through the practices of the Church, which believers have to follow to escape Hell.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NC2F8S9P\">[Czachesz_et_al 2024, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 283,
"polity": {
"id": 798,
"name": "de_east_francia",
"long_name": "East Francia",
"start_year": 842,
"end_year": 919
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Unlike the Greek and Roman religions, Christianity had moral aspects tightly integrated into its religious framework. It was not easy to convey that novel model (and the related practices), developed in the context of an elitist movement, to the mass membership of the post-Constantinian Church. The new system can be summarized in this way: humans commit all kinds of sins, which destines them for eternal punishment in Hell; humans lack the power to perfect themselves so they can escape eternal punishment; God offers a way out of sin (and its consequences), but humans have to accept His offer; God’s grace works through the practices of the Church, which believers have to follow to escape Hell.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NC2F8S9P\">[Czachesz_et_al 2024, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 284,
"polity": {
"id": 457,
"name": "fr_capetian_k_1",
"long_name": "Proto-French Kingdom",
"start_year": 987,
"end_year": 1150
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Unlike the Greek and Roman religions, Christianity had moral aspects tightly integrated into its religious framework. It was not easy to convey that novel model (and the related practices), developed in the context of an elitist movement, to the mass membership of the post-Constantinian Church. The new system can be summarized in this way: humans commit all kinds of sins, which destines them for eternal punishment in Hell; humans lack the power to perfect themselves so they can escape eternal punishment; God offers a way out of sin (and its consequences), but humans have to accept His offer; God’s grace works through the practices of the Church, which believers have to follow to escape Hell.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NC2F8S9P\">[Czachesz_et_al 2024, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 285,
"polity": {
"id": 188,
"name": "it_st_peter_rep_1",
"long_name": "Republic of St Peter I",
"start_year": 752,
"end_year": 904
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Unlike the Greek and Roman religions, Christianity had moral aspects tightly integrated into its religious framework. It was not easy to convey that novel model (and the related practices), developed in the context of an elitist movement, to the mass membership of the post-Constantinian Church. The new system can be summarized in this way: humans commit all kinds of sins, which destines them for eternal punishment in Hell; humans lack the power to perfect themselves so they can escape eternal punishment; God offers a way out of sin (and its consequences), but humans have to accept His offer; God’s grace works through the practices of the Church, which believers have to follow to escape Hell.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NC2F8S9P\">[Czachesz_et_al 2024, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 286,
"polity": {
"id": 189,
"name": "it_st_peter_rep_2",
"long_name": "Rome - Republic of St Peter II",
"start_year": 904,
"end_year": 1198
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Unlike the Greek and Roman religions, Christianity had moral aspects tightly integrated into its religious framework. It was not easy to convey that novel model (and the related practices), developed in the context of an elitist movement, to the mass membership of the post-Constantinian Church. The new system can be summarized in this way: humans commit all kinds of sins, which destines them for eternal punishment in Hell; humans lack the power to perfect themselves so they can escape eternal punishment; God offers a way out of sin (and its consequences), but humans have to accept His offer; God’s grace works through the practices of the Church, which believers have to follow to escape Hell.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NC2F8S9P\">[Czachesz_et_al 2024, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 287,
"polity": {
"id": 304,
"name": "fr_merovingian_emp_1",
"long_name": "Early Merovingian",
"start_year": 481,
"end_year": 543
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Unlike the Greek and Roman religions, Christianity had moral aspects tightly integrated into its religious framework. It was not easy to convey that novel model (and the related practices), developed in the context of an elitist movement, to the mass membership of the post-Constantinian Church. The new system can be summarized in this way: humans commit all kinds of sins, which destines them for eternal punishment in Hell; humans lack the power to perfect themselves so they can escape eternal punishment; God offers a way out of sin (and its consequences), but humans have to accept His offer; God’s grace works through the practices of the Church, which believers have to follow to escape Hell.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NC2F8S9P\">[Czachesz_et_al 2024, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 288,
"polity": {
"id": 185,
"name": "it_western_roman_emp",
"long_name": "Western Roman Empire - Late Antiquity",
"start_year": 395,
"end_year": 476
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Unlike the Greek and Roman religions, Christianity had moral aspects tightly integrated into its religious framework. It was not easy to convey that novel model (and the related practices), developed in the context of an elitist movement, to the mass membership of the post-Constantinian Church. The new system can be summarized in this way: humans commit all kinds of sins, which destines them for eternal punishment in Hell; humans lack the power to perfect themselves so they can escape eternal punishment; God offers a way out of sin (and its consequences), but humans have to accept His offer; God’s grace works through the practices of the Church, which believers have to follow to escape Hell.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NC2F8S9P\">[Czachesz_et_al 2024, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 289,
"polity": {
"id": 305,
"name": "it_lombard_k",
"long_name": "Lombard Kingdom",
"start_year": 568,
"end_year": 774
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Unlike the Greek and Roman religions, Christianity had moral aspects tightly integrated into its religious framework. It was not easy to convey that novel model (and the related practices), developed in the context of an elitist movement, to the mass membership of the post-Constantinian Church. The new system can be summarized in this way: humans commit all kinds of sins, which destines them for eternal punishment in Hell; humans lack the power to perfect themselves so they can escape eternal punishment; God offers a way out of sin (and its consequences), but humans have to accept His offer; God’s grace works through the practices of the Church, which believers have to follow to escape Hell.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NC2F8S9P\">[Czachesz_et_al 2024, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 290,
"polity": {
"id": 311,
"name": "fr_carolingian_emp_2",
"long_name": "Carolingian Empire II",
"start_year": 840,
"end_year": 987
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Unlike the Greek and Roman religions, Christianity had moral aspects tightly integrated into its religious framework. It was not easy to convey that novel model (and the related practices), developed in the context of an elitist movement, to the mass membership of the post-Constantinian Church. The new system can be summarized in this way: humans commit all kinds of sins, which destines them for eternal punishment in Hell; humans lack the power to perfect themselves so they can escape eternal punishment; God offers a way out of sin (and its consequences), but humans have to accept His offer; God’s grace works through the practices of the Church, which believers have to follow to escape Hell.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NC2F8S9P\">[Czachesz_et_al 2024, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 291,
"polity": {
"id": 456,
"name": "fr_merovingian_emp_3",
"long_name": "Proto-Carolingian",
"start_year": 687,
"end_year": 751
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Unlike the Greek and Roman religions, Christianity had moral aspects tightly integrated into its religious framework. It was not easy to convey that novel model (and the related practices), developed in the context of an elitist movement, to the mass membership of the post-Constantinian Church. The new system can be summarized in this way: humans commit all kinds of sins, which destines them for eternal punishment in Hell; humans lack the power to perfect themselves so they can escape eternal punishment; God offers a way out of sin (and its consequences), but humans have to accept His offer; God’s grace works through the practices of the Church, which believers have to follow to escape Hell.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NC2F8S9P\">[Czachesz_et_al 2024, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 292,
"polity": {
"id": 548,
"name": "it_italy_k",
"long_name": "Italian Kingdom Late Antiquity",
"start_year": 476,
"end_year": 489
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Unlike the Greek and Roman religions, Christianity had moral aspects tightly integrated into its religious framework. It was not easy to convey that novel model (and the related practices), developed in the context of an elitist movement, to the mass membership of the post-Constantinian Church. The new system can be summarized in this way: humans commit all kinds of sins, which destines them for eternal punishment in Hell; humans lack the power to perfect themselves so they can escape eternal punishment; God offers a way out of sin (and its consequences), but humans have to accept His offer; God’s grace works through the practices of the Church, which believers have to follow to escape Hell.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NC2F8S9P\">[Czachesz_et_al 2024, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 293,
"polity": {
"id": 179,
"name": "it_latium_ba",
"long_name": "Latium - Bronze Age",
"start_year": -1800,
"end_year": -900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"A variety of sources indicate that one form of MSP, supernatural enforcement of reciprocity—including keeping oaths, fulfilling promises, and the proscription of patrons cheating clients—was widespread in Iron Age Italy. Commonalities in Indo-European concepts and language suggest that supernatural enforcement of oaths was already present in Indo-European religion, making it possible to infer its presence in Bronze Age Italy as well (since there is no evidence that this cultural element was first lost and then regained in historic periods); this remains speculative, though, until more direct evidence for the beliefs of early Italians can be found. \" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6N4XAUD7\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 54]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 294,
"polity": {
"id": 181,
"name": "it_roman_k",
"long_name": "Roman Kingdom",
"start_year": -716,
"end_year": -509
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"A variety of sources indicate that one form of MSP, supernatural enforcement of reciprocity—including keeping oaths, fulfilling promises, and the proscription of patrons cheating clients—was widespread in Iron Age Italy. Commonalities in Indo-European concepts and language suggest that supernatural enforcement of oaths was already present in Indo-European religion, making it possible to infer its presence in Bronze Age Italy as well (since there is no evidence that this cultural element was first lost and then regained in historic periods); this remains speculative, though, until more direct evidence for the beliefs of early Italians can be found. \" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6N4XAUD7\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 54]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 295,
"polity": {
"id": 180,
"name": "it_latium_ia",
"long_name": "Latium - Iron Age",
"start_year": -1000,
"end_year": -580
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"A variety of sources indicate that one form of MSP, supernatural enforcement of reciprocity—including keeping oaths, fulfilling promises, and the proscription of patrons cheating clients—was widespread in Iron Age Italy. Commonalities in Indo-European concepts and language suggest that supernatural enforcement of oaths was already present in Indo-European religion, making it possible to infer its presence in Bronze Age Italy as well (since there is no evidence that this cultural element was first lost and then regained in historic periods); this remains speculative, though, until more direct evidence for the beliefs of early Italians can be found. \" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/6N4XAUD7\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 54]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 296,
"polity": {
"id": 513,
"name": "eg_naqada_3",
"long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty 0",
"start_year": -3300,
"end_year": -3100
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 297,
"polity": {
"id": 514,
"name": "eg_dynasty_1",
"long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty I",
"start_year": -3100,
"end_year": -2900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 298,
"polity": {
"id": 203,
"name": "eg_saite",
"long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period",
"start_year": -664,
"end_year": -525
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“From the New Kingdom onward, heart scarabs were commonly placed on the body in both elite and nonelite burials (Cooney 2008; Vanlathem 2001). These amulets, which were inscribed with a formula from the Book of the Dead enjoining the heart not to testify against its owner, were tied to beliefs surrounding judgment in the afterlife, and they suggest that people among a broader population than the elite expected to confront a divine judgment (Malaise 1978).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 78]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 299,
"polity": {
"id": 521,
"name": "eg_kushite",
"long_name": "Egypt - Kushite Period",
"start_year": -747,
"end_year": -656
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“From the New Kingdom onward, heart scarabs were commonly placed on the body in both elite and nonelite burials (Cooney 2008; Vanlathem 2001). These amulets, which were inscribed with a formula from the Book of the Dead enjoining the heart not to testify against its owner, were tied to beliefs surrounding judgment in the afterlife, and they suggest that people among a broader population than the elite expected to confront a divine judgment (Malaise 1978).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 78]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 300,
"polity": {
"id": 199,
"name": "eg_new_k_2",
"long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period",
"start_year": -1293,
"end_year": -1070
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“From the New Kingdom onward, heart scarabs were commonly placed on the body in both elite and nonelite burials (Cooney 2008; Vanlathem 2001). These amulets, which were inscribed with a formula from the Book of the Dead enjoining the heart not to testify against its owner, were tied to beliefs surrounding judgment in the afterlife, and they suggest that people among a broader population than the elite expected to confront a divine judgment (Malaise 1978).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 78]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 301,
"polity": {
"id": 200,
"name": "eg_thebes_libyan",
"long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period",
"start_year": -1069,
"end_year": -747
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“From the New Kingdom onward, heart scarabs were commonly placed on the body in both elite and nonelite burials (Cooney 2008; Vanlathem 2001). These amulets, which were inscribed with a formula from the Book of the Dead enjoining the heart not to testify against its owner, were tied to beliefs surrounding judgment in the afterlife, and they suggest that people among a broader population than the elite expected to confront a divine judgment (Malaise 1978).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 78]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 302,
"polity": {
"id": 198,
"name": "eg_new_k_1",
"long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Thutmosid Period",
"start_year": -1550,
"end_year": -1293
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“From the New Kingdom onward, heart scarabs were commonly placed on the body in both elite and nonelite burials (Cooney 2008; Vanlathem 2001). These amulets, which were inscribed with a formula from the Book of the Dead enjoining the heart not to testify against its owner, were tied to beliefs surrounding judgment in the afterlife, and they suggest that people among a broader population than the elite expected to confront a divine judgment (Malaise 1978).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 78]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 303,
"polity": {
"id": 164,
"name": "tr_hatti_new_k",
"long_name": "Hatti - New Kingdom",
"start_year": -1400,
"end_year": -1180
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 304,
"polity": {
"id": 163,
"name": "tr_konya_lba",
"long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II",
"start_year": -1500,
"end_year": -1400
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 305,
"polity": {
"id": 162,
"name": "tr_hatti_old_k",
"long_name": "Hatti - Old Kingdom",
"start_year": -1650,
"end_year": -1500
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 306,
"polity": {
"id": 346,
"name": "iq_neo_babylonian_emp",
"long_name": "Neo-Babylonian Empire",
"start_year": -626,
"end_year": -539
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Several texts from the Old Babylonian period onward testify to the fact that commoners had moralizing beliefs, and in particular believed that theycould be punished by the gods for violating oaths. For example, according to the Code of Hammurabi, a shepherd who had lost sheep could swear to the gods that this had been a result of illness or lion attacks, and the flock’s owner would have to trust the shepherd’s word. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KEUS9R3I\">[Postgate 1994, pp. 279-281]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 307,
"polity": {
"id": 478,
"name": "iq_isin_larsa",
"long_name": "Isin-Larsa",
"start_year": -2004,
"end_year": -1763
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Several texts from the Old Babylonian period onward testify to the fact that commoners had moralizing beliefs, and in particular believed that theycould be punished by the gods for violating oaths. For example, according to the Code of Hammurabi, a shepherd who had lost sheep could swear to the gods that this had been a result of illness or lion attacks, and the flock’s owner would have to trust the shepherd’s word. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KEUS9R3I\">[Postgate 1994, pp. 279-281]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 308,
"polity": {
"id": 482,
"name": "iq_dynasty_e",
"long_name": "Dynasty of E",
"start_year": -979,
"end_year": -732
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Several texts from the Old Babylonian period onward testify to the fact that commoners had moralizing beliefs, and in particular believed that theycould be punished by the gods for violating oaths. For example, according to the Code of Hammurabi, a shepherd who had lost sheep could swear to the gods that this had been a result of illness or lion attacks, and the flock’s owner would have to trust the shepherd’s word. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KEUS9R3I\">[Postgate 1994, pp. 279-281]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 309,
"polity": {
"id": 481,
"name": "iq_bazi_dyn",
"long_name": "Bazi Dynasty",
"start_year": -1005,
"end_year": -986
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Several texts from the Old Babylonian period onward testify to the fact that commoners had moralizing beliefs, and in particular believed that theycould be punished by the gods for violating oaths. For example, according to the Code of Hammurabi, a shepherd who had lost sheep could swear to the gods that this had been a result of illness or lion attacks, and the flock’s owner would have to trust the shepherd’s word. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KEUS9R3I\">[Postgate 1994, pp. 279-281]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 310,
"polity": {
"id": 106,
"name": "iq_neo_assyrian_emp",
"long_name": "Neo-Assyrian Empire",
"start_year": -911,
"end_year": -612
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Several texts from the Old Babylonian period onward testify to the fact that commoners had moralizing beliefs, and in particular believed that theycould be punished by the gods for violating oaths. For example, according to the Code of Hammurabi, a shepherd who had lost sheep could swear to the gods that this had been a result of illness or lion attacks, and the flock’s owner would have to trust the shepherd’s word. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KEUS9R3I\">[Postgate 1994, pp. 279-281]</a>",
"description": null
}
]
}