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{
"id": 207,
"polity": {
"id": 68,
"name": "gr_crete_classical",
"long_name": "Classical Crete",
"start_year": -500,
"end_year": -323
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Despite the increasing rationalism of educated elites in the fifth and fourth centuries BCE and their skepticism about the traditional gods, belief in divine punishment was exploited by Athenian orators to sway juries. Antiphon wrote a speech for Euxitheus, on trial for murder, claiming that he must be innocent because he and his fellow passengers survived a number of sea voyages (Antiphon, On the Murder of Herodes 82–3; Veyne 2005: 428).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, pp. 28-29]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 208,
"polity": {
"id": 69,
"name": "gr_crete_hellenistic",
"long_name": "Hellenistic Crete",
"start_year": -323,
"end_year": -69
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Especially when the identity of a wrongdoer was unknown, local gods could be enlisted to help with interpersonal justice. A deposit of tablets uncovered in the sanctuary of Demeter at Knidos contained “dedications” of transgressors to the goddess by their victims, expressing the wish that the culprits be afflicted until they came to the sanctuary to confess their guilt (Kotsifou 2016: 187–9; Versnel 1991, 2009). […] These texts differ from standard curse tablets in that they employ moral arguments in the hope of convincing the god or goddess to act.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 31]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 209,
"polity": {
"id": 67,
"name": "gr_crete_archaic",
"long_name": "Archaic Crete",
"start_year": -710,
"end_year": -500
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Mistreating one’s parents, kin murder, and incest were the most serious kinship-based offenses, considered forms of impiety that could evoke divine anger (Mikalson 2010: 171–7). Mistreating a corpse (particularly by refusing burial or by mutilation) and murder (of kin or nonkin) were crimes that could draw a special type of superhuman punishment: the anger of those murdered or left unburied was liable to awaken superhuman avengers to hound the culprit. For this reason, Archaic Greek custom called for both deliberate and accidental killers to be exiled, lest their pollution bring down disaster on the community (Parker 1983: 107–108). The dead, too, especially the powerful dead worshiped as “heroes,” might themselves play a role in punishing offenders (Saunders 1996: 64).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 26]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 210,
"polity": {
"id": 66,
"name": "gr_crete_geometric",
"long_name": "Geometric Crete",
"start_year": -1000,
"end_year": -710
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"The moral stance of Hesiod’s Works and Days is decidedly broader than that of the Iliad or even the Odyssey. Hesiodic poetry (also written c. 700 BCE, with a long background in oral tradition) represents the perspective of a farmer living in the system of aristocratic chiefdoms that preceded the rise of the Greek city-states. Hesiod avoids domain-specific titles such as Xenios and Hiketēsios, and emphasizes righteousness (dikē) as an abstract concept that applies to everyone. He insists that Zeus controls myriad watchers who spy on mortals and report infractions to him (Works and Days, lines 252–5) but also that Zeus himself possesses an “all seeing eye” (lines 267–9), which affords him scrutiny of human behavior. Hesiod falls short, however, of asserting that Zeus is a mind reader or can see into the human heart. Thus, while Zeus is not “omniscient” in the manner of the Hebrew god Yahweh and does not take account of thought crimes, no doer of evil deeds can escape his detection and punishment, and he is self-motivated to punish wrongdoing. Likewise, doers of just deeds will enjoy abundant herds and other benefits (232–4). Hesiod expands the list of interpersonal transgressions that anger the gods well beyond the standard Homeric offenses to include adultery, offense against orphaned children, and abuse of parents (327–34), as well as generalized antisocial behaviors such as “violence,” “wicked deeds,” “going astray,” and “devising recklessness” (238–69). Even Hesiod, however, is most interested in divine punishment of powerful men. When the “bribe-devouring” man of power makes “crooked judgements” that trigger the wrath of Zeus, punishment may fall upon the whole community (250–51, 264). \" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 24]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 211,
"polity": {
"id": 510,
"name": "eg_badarian",
"long_name": "Badarian",
"start_year": -4400,
"end_year": -3800
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 212,
"polity": {
"id": 473,
"name": "iq_ubaid",
"long_name": "Ubaid",
"start_year": -5500,
"end_year": -4000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Iconographic and archaeological data from the Ubaid period strongly suggests belief that gods primarily rewarded those who provided them with correct ritual worship and suitable offerings. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9TDGABWZ\">[Hole_Carter_Philip 2010, pp. 228-238]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7SJIX8HS\">[Peasnall_Peregrine_Ember 2002, p. 381]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 213,
"polity": {
"id": 474,
"name": "iq_uruk",
"long_name": "Uruk",
"start_year": -4000,
"end_year": -2900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Evidence from the Uruk period strongly suggests belief that gods primarily rewarded those who provided them with correct ritual worship and suitable offerings. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/U43PKNTU\">[Cunningham 2013, pp. 41-48]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 214,
"polity": {
"id": 515,
"name": "eg_dynasty_2",
"long_name": "Egypt - Dynasty II",
"start_year": -2900,
"end_year": -2687
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "\"It cannot be known whether the wider population of the period shared such beliefs.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 71]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 215,
"polity": {
"id": 516,
"name": "eg_old_k_1",
"long_name": "Egypt - Classic Old Kingdom",
"start_year": -2650,
"end_year": -2350
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "\"It cannot be known whether the wider population of the period shared such beliefs.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 71]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 216,
"polity": {
"id": 517,
"name": "eg_old_k_2",
"long_name": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom",
"start_year": -2350,
"end_year": -2150
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "\"It cannot be known whether the wider population of the period shared such beliefs.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 71]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 217,
"polity": {
"id": 165,
"name": "tr_neo_hittite_k",
"long_name": "Neo-Hittite Kingdoms",
"start_year": -1180,
"end_year": -900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "“The small polities that occupied the south and southeast of the peninsula during the Early and Middle Iron Age are known as “Neo-Hittite” because they preserved certain aspects of the older Hittite culture, especially the iconography and rhetoric of kingship, but the degree of religious continuity after 1200 BCE remains unclear in many cases.” Nevertheless, it seems reasonable to infer a degree of continuity in this case. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NDGF9JRC\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 136]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 218,
"polity": {
"id": 344,
"name": "tr_urartu_k",
"long_name": "Urartu Kingdom",
"start_year": -1200,
"end_year": -710
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 220,
"polity": {
"id": 167,
"name": "tr_tabal_k",
"long_name": "Tabal Kingdoms",
"start_year": -900,
"end_year": -730
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 221,
"polity": {
"id": 168,
"name": "tr_lydia_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Lydia",
"start_year": -670,
"end_year": -546
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 222,
"polity": {
"id": 115,
"name": "is_icelandic_commonwealth",
"long_name": "Icelandic Commonwealth",
"start_year": 930,
"end_year": 1262
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Mythical allusions in West Norse skaldic poetry and religious iconography from across Scandinavia suggests that Norse mythical traditions were well known among both commoners and elites. Moreover, there were a number of different contexts where elites and commoners gathered for collective worship. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/S952K9VS\">[Nordberg 2018]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3IB8ZQUZ\">[Nordberg 2019, p. 364]</a> And though supernatural moralising enforcement was not a primary concern for Norse gods, they still promoted certain prosocial behaviours and punished certain antisocial ones. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/59F97HHW\">[Raffield_Price_Collard 2019]</a> Conversion to Christianity in 1000 CE. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SRW2NM9E\">[Durrenberger 1988, p. 239]</a> ",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 223,
"polity": {
"id": 243,
"name": "cn_late_shang_dyn",
"long_name": "Late Shang",
"start_year": -1250,
"end_year": -1045
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "“Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 224,
"polity": {
"id": 244,
"name": "cn_western_zhou_dyn",
"long_name": "Western Zhou",
"start_year": -1122,
"end_year": -771
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Traditional Chinese popular or folk cosmology, including ancestor and deity worship, has been described as amoral and based on ritual knowledge rather than moral behavior. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7IHXKP7R\">[Poo_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 312]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 225,
"polity": {
"id": 432,
"name": "ma_saadi_sultanate",
"long_name": "Saadi Sultanate",
"start_year": 1554,
"end_year": 1659
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 226,
"polity": {
"id": 132,
"name": "iq_abbasid_cal_1",
"long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate I",
"start_year": 750,
"end_year": 946
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 227,
"polity": {
"id": 358,
"name": "sa_rashidun_dyn",
"long_name": "Yemen Hijaz",
"start_year": 632,
"end_year": 661
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 228,
"polity": {
"id": 370,
"name": "uz_timurid_emp",
"long_name": "Timurid Empire",
"start_year": 1370,
"end_year": 1526
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 229,
"polity": {
"id": 469,
"name": "uz_janid_dyn",
"long_name": "Khanate of Bukhara",
"start_year": 1599,
"end_year": 1747
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 230,
"polity": {
"id": 134,
"name": "af_ghur_principality",
"long_name": "Ghur Principality",
"start_year": 1025,
"end_year": 1215
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 231,
"polity": {
"id": 137,
"name": "af_durrani_emp",
"long_name": "Durrani Empire",
"start_year": 1747,
"end_year": 1826
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 232,
"polity": {
"id": 653,
"name": "et_aussa_sultanate",
"long_name": "Early Sultanate of Aussa",
"start_year": 1734,
"end_year": 1895
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Nearly all Hareri are Sunni Muslim.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/29MS79PA\">[Shinn_Ofcansky 2013, p. 208]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 233,
"polity": {
"id": 652,
"name": "et_harar_emirate",
"long_name": "Emirate of Harar",
"start_year": 1650,
"end_year": 1875
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Nearly all Hareri are Sunni Muslim.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/29MS79PA\">[Shinn_Ofcansky 2013, p. 208]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 234,
"polity": {
"id": 642,
"name": "so_geledi_sultanate",
"long_name": "Sultanate of Geledi",
"start_year": 1750,
"end_year": 1911
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“With a long tradition of trading connections to the Arabian Peninsula, the Somalis were converted to Islam at an early date[...].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7J425GTZ\">[Lewis 2008, pp. 1-2]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 235,
"polity": {
"id": 648,
"name": "so_majeerteen_sultanate",
"long_name": "Majeerteen Sultanate",
"start_year": 1750,
"end_year": 1926
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“With a long tradition of trading connections to the Arabian Peninsula, the Somalis were converted to Islam at an early date[...].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7J425GTZ\">[Lewis 2008, pp. 1-2]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 236,
"polity": {
"id": 638,
"name": "so_tunni_sultanate",
"long_name": "Tunni Sultanate",
"start_year": 800,
"end_year": 1200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“With a long tradition of trading connections to the Arabian Peninsula, the Somalis were converted to Islam at an early date[...].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7J425GTZ\">[Lewis 2008, pp. 1-2]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 237,
"polity": {
"id": 643,
"name": "et_showa_sultanate",
"long_name": "Shoa Sultanate",
"start_year": 1108,
"end_year": 1285
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“With a long tradition of trading connections to the Arabian Peninsula, the Somalis were converted to Islam at an early date[...].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7J425GTZ\">[Lewis 2008, pp. 1-2]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 238,
"polity": {
"id": 645,
"name": "et_hadiya_sultanate",
"long_name": "Hadiya Sultanate",
"start_year": 1300,
"end_year": 1680
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“With a long tradition of trading connections to the Arabian Peninsula, the Somalis were converted to Islam at an early date[...].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7J425GTZ\">[Lewis 2008, pp. 1-2]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 239,
"polity": {
"id": 654,
"name": "so_isaaq_sultanate",
"long_name": "Isaaq Sultanate",
"start_year": 1300,
"end_year": 1886
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“With a long tradition of trading connections to the Arabian Peninsula, the Somalis were converted to Islam at an early date[...].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7J425GTZ\">[Lewis 2008, pp. 1-2]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 240,
"polity": {
"id": 640,
"name": "so_habr_yunis",
"long_name": "Habr Yunis",
"start_year": 1300,
"end_year": 1886
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“With a long tradition of trading connections to the Arabian Peninsula, the Somalis were converted to Islam at an early date[...].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7J425GTZ\">[Lewis 2008, pp. 1-2]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 241,
"polity": {
"id": 637,
"name": "so_adal_sultanate",
"long_name": "Adal Sultanate",
"start_year": 1375,
"end_year": 1543
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“With a long tradition of trading connections to the Arabian Peninsula, the Somalis were converted to Islam at an early date[...].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7J425GTZ\">[Lewis 2008, pp. 1-2]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 242,
"polity": {
"id": 649,
"name": "et_funj_sultanate",
"long_name": "Funj Sultanate",
"start_year": 1504,
"end_year": 1820
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“With a long tradition of trading connections to the Arabian Peninsula, the Somalis were converted to Islam at an early date[...].” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7J425GTZ\">[Lewis 2008, pp. 1-2]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 243,
"polity": {
"id": 710,
"name": "tz_tana",
"long_name": "Classic Tana",
"start_year": 1000,
"end_year": 1498
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Conversion to Islam continued and, by the eleventh century, the majority of coastal dwellers were practising Muslims. Other indigenous spiritual practices continued alongside and interwoven with Islam, as we see up to the present, although from the thirteenth century onward to be Swahili was to be a practising Muslim.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NQC4P63S\">[LaViolette_Wynne-Jones 2017, p. 9]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 244,
"polity": {
"id": 223,
"name": "ma_almoravid_dyn",
"long_name": "Almoravids",
"start_year": 1035,
"end_year": 1150
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 246,
"polity": {
"id": 669,
"name": "ni_hausa_k",
"long_name": "Hausa bakwai",
"start_year": 900,
"end_year": 1808
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "“Islam first appeared between the 11th and 14th centuries, while Christianity arrived in the 19th century. Initially, Islam attracted only the elite desirous of power and trade. The emergence of the Sokoto Caliphate in the 19th century spurred the spread of Islam from royalty to the common people.” (p. xxxiii) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SJAIVKDW\">[Falola_Genova 2009]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 247,
"polity": {
"id": 666,
"name": "ni_sokoto_cal",
"long_name": "Sokoto Caliphate",
"start_year": 1804,
"end_year": 1904
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Islam first appeared between the 11th and 14th centuries, while Christianity arrived in the 19th century. Initially, Islam attracted only the elite desirous of power and trade. The emergence of the Sokoto Caliphate in the 19th century spurred the spread of Islam from royalty to the common people.” (p. xxxiii) <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SJAIVKDW\">[Falola_Genova 2009]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 248,
"polity": {
"id": 454,
"name": "fr_la_tene_b2_c1",
"long_name": "La Tene B2-C1",
"start_year": -325,
"end_year": -175
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a> Such a linguistically embedded practice suggests a broader use of the oath.",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 249,
"polity": {
"id": 455,
"name": "fr_la_tene_c2_d",
"long_name": "La Tene C2-D",
"start_year": -175,
"end_year": -27
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a> Such a linguistically embedded practice suggests a broader use of the oath.",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 250,
"polity": {
"id": 475,
"name": "iq_early_dynastic",
"long_name": "Early Dynastic",
"start_year": -2900,
"end_year": -2500
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "A~P",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 251,
"polity": {
"id": 476,
"name": "iq_akkad_emp",
"long_name": "Akkadian Empire",
"start_year": -2270,
"end_year": -2083
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "A~P",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 252,
"polity": {
"id": 49,
"name": "id_kediri_k",
"long_name": "Kediri Kingdom",
"start_year": 1049,
"end_year": 1222
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“In this dynasty [Kediri] the syncretism of Buddhism and Hindu-Çiva resulted in the Buddha-Çiva religion. The syncretism led into a compromise and harmonious relationship, because religions need each other. Syncretism did not only happen between these two religions but also with the folk religions knows as animism and dynamism. Syncretism took place smoothly because there were similarities between the three belief systems, both in the structure and the principles: the existence of a Super Being having a particular position; the existence of worship and sacrifice as well as rites, magic, magical authority, mythology, and other rituality. This situation was conducive to the creation of an attitude of give and take among the co-existing religions, as a necessity of survival.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/RBZCU8KV\">[Wasim_et_al 2012, p. 86]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 253,
"polity": {
"id": 51,
"name": "id_mataram_k",
"long_name": "Mataram Sultanate",
"start_year": 1568,
"end_year": 1755
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 254,
"polity": {
"id": 651,
"name": "et_gumma_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Gumma",
"start_year": 1800,
"end_year": 1897
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“There, between 1800 and 1830, at the terminus of many trade routes from the coast, five Muslim Oromo states emerged: Jimma, Gumma, Limmu Enarya, Gomma, and Geru. Influence by Muslim merchants and Sufi teachers, the first to embrace Islam were Kings, and nobility, legitimizing their rule in its name, but by the 1860s, Islam had also become part of the lives of the common people.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UB7CXC7\">[Kapteijns 2000, p. 232]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 255,
"polity": {
"id": 641,
"name": "et_gomma_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Gomma",
"start_year": 1780,
"end_year": 1886
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "A~P",
"comment": "“There, between 1800 and 1830, at the terminus of many trade routes from the coast, five Muslim Oromo states emerged: Jimma, Gumma, Limmu Enarya, Gomma, and Geru. Influence by Muslim merchants and Sufi teachers, the first to embrace Islam were Kings, and nobility, legitimizing their rule in its name, but by the 1860s, Islam had also become part of the lives of the common people.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UB7CXC7\">[Kapteijns 2000, p. 232]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 256,
"polity": {
"id": 216,
"name": "mr_wagadu_2",
"long_name": "Middle Wagadu Empire",
"start_year": 700,
"end_year": 1077
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 257,
"polity": {
"id": 110,
"name": "il_judea",
"long_name": "Yehuda",
"start_year": -141,
"end_year": -63
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 258,
"polity": {
"id": 647,
"name": "er_medri_bahri",
"long_name": "Medri Bahri",
"start_year": 1310,
"end_year": 1889
},
"year_from": 1310,
"year_to": 1750,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
}
]
}