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{
"id": 154,
"polity": {
"id": 499,
"name": "ir_elam_5",
"long_name": "Elam - Kidinuid Period",
"start_year": -1500,
"end_year": -1400
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Oaths, belief in some type of afterlife (which may have been less gloomy than that believed in Southern Mesopotamia), and the gods sometimes being fickle were some of the general beliefs.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 155,
"polity": {
"id": 503,
"name": "ir_neo_elam_1",
"long_name": "Elam I",
"start_year": -900,
"end_year": -744
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Oaths, belief in some type of afterlife (which may have been less gloomy than that believed in Southern Mesopotamia), and the gods sometimes being fickle were some of the general beliefs.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 156,
"polity": {
"id": 505,
"name": "ir_neo_elam_3",
"long_name": "Elam III",
"start_year": -612,
"end_year": -539
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Oaths, belief in some type of afterlife (which may have been less gloomy than that believed in Southern Mesopotamia), and the gods sometimes being fickle were some of the general beliefs.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 157,
"polity": {
"id": 501,
"name": "ir_elam_7",
"long_name": "Elam - Shutrukid Period",
"start_year": -1199,
"end_year": -1100
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Oaths, belief in some type of afterlife (which may have been less gloomy than that believed in Southern Mesopotamia), and the gods sometimes being fickle were some of the general beliefs.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9UA3R688\">[Altaweel_et_al 2025, p. 125]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 158,
"polity": {
"id": 445,
"name": "pg_orokaiva_pre_colonial",
"long_name": "Orokaiva - Pre-Colonial",
"start_year": 1734,
"end_year": 1883
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "“The Orokaiva interacted with demigods and ancestor spirits through ritual exchanges and an elaborate system of initiation (Iteanu 1990; Schwimmer 1973), and it may have been these reciprocal exchanges that formed the primary dimension of the ritual system. Indigenous explanations for misfortune in Melanesia typically invoke sorcery or offences against nonhuman agents, such as failure to perform appropriate rituals (Whitehouse 1996a). […] [T]he available evidence suggests that moralistic elements were present in the indigenous system, but broad-scope moralizing punishment by a supreme being, as a primary feature of the religious system, was introduced and then elaborated on in the colonial period.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/97J9GDE3\">[Brandl_et_al 2024, p. 305]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 159,
"polity": {
"id": 147,
"name": "jp_heian",
"long_name": "Heian",
"start_year": 794,
"end_year": 1185
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"An early ninth-century collection of Buddhist didactic tales provides some illustration of the nature of karma beliefs among ordinary practitioners at the time (Yoshida 2003). The law of karma is clearly enunciated—that good actions produce good results, and bad actions bad results. Interestingly, while these tales mention rebirth and the link between present actions and future rebirths, their overriding focus is on karmic consequences in the present lifetime. Characters in the stories often face immediate misfortune following bad deeds. Moreover, proper ritual practice is seen as crucial to bringing about good karmic consequences, and performing rituals improperly or not at all may lead to bad consequences.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 237]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 160,
"polity": {
"id": 150,
"name": "jp_sengoku_jidai",
"long_name": "Warring States Japan",
"start_year": 1467,
"end_year": 1568
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"From the fifteenth century, a belief spread that three kami in particular—known as Ise, Hachiman, and Kasuga—taught the virtues of sincerity, purity, and benevolence and they would provide protection to those who practiced these virtues, even if no prayers were offered (Masahide 1991: 393).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 241]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 161,
"polity": {
"id": 59,
"name": "gr_crete_nl",
"long_name": "Neolithic Crete",
"start_year": -7000,
"end_year": -3000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 163,
"polity": {
"id": 60,
"name": "gr_crete_pre_palace",
"long_name": "Prepalatial Crete",
"start_year": -3000,
"end_year": -1900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "\"Some aspects of Early Minoan burials, such as the inclusion of food offerings, model houses, and amulets in tombs, reflect Egyptian practices (Watrous 2021: 45–8). It is probable that these burial customs point to some form of afterlife belief, but they provide no clear evidence of moralizing supernatural punishment and reward (MSP).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, p. 19]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 164,
"polity": {
"id": 447,
"name": "fr_beaker_eba",
"long_name": "Beaker Culture",
"start_year": -3200,
"end_year": -2000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a> Such a linguistically embedded practice suggests a broader usage of the oath.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 165,
"polity": {
"id": 449,
"name": "fr_hallstatt_a_b1",
"long_name": "Hallstatt A-B1",
"start_year": -1000,
"end_year": -900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a> Such a linguistically embedded practice suggests a broader use of the oath.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 166,
"polity": {
"id": 452,
"name": "fr_hallstatt_d",
"long_name": "Hallstatt D",
"start_year": -600,
"end_year": -475
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a> Such a linguistically embedded practice suggests a broader use of the oath.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 167,
"polity": {
"id": 450,
"name": "fr_hallstatt_b2_3",
"long_name": "Hallstatt B2-3",
"start_year": -900,
"end_year": -700
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a> Such a linguistically embedded practice suggests a broader use of the oath.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 168,
"polity": {
"id": 448,
"name": "fr_atlantic_complex",
"long_name": "Atlantic Complex",
"start_year": -2200,
"end_year": -1000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a> Such a linguistically embedded practice suggests a broader use of the oath.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 169,
"polity": {
"id": 451,
"name": "fr_hallstatt_c",
"long_name": "Hallstatt C",
"start_year": -700,
"end_year": -600
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a> Such a linguistically embedded practice suggests a broader use of the oath.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 170,
"polity": {
"id": 453,
"name": "fr_la_tene_a_b1",
"long_name": "La Tene A-B1",
"start_year": -475,
"end_year": -325
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Comparisons of oath formulas across a broad range of Indo-European families suggest that belief in supernatural moralistic enforcement against oath-breakers has deep roots in Indo-European culture. Part of this inheritance is the understanding of the oath as a conditional self-curse in which harm will come to the individual perjurer. The common Celtic vocabulary for swearing and oaths is strong evidence that the practice existed in the prehistoric common ancestor of the Celtic languages. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/J5XD38NE\">[Koch 2021]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/549RFFCJ\">[Koch_Fernández 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IBVJZDPD\">[Koch 1992]</a> Such a linguistically embedded practice suggests a broader use of the oath.",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 171,
"polity": {
"id": 439,
"name": "mn_shiwei",
"long_name": "Shiwei",
"start_year": 600,
"end_year": 1000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 172,
"polity": {
"id": 274,
"name": "mn_hunnu_late",
"long_name": "Late Xiongnu",
"start_year": -60,
"end_year": 100
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 173,
"polity": {
"id": 438,
"name": "mn_xianbei",
"long_name": "Xianbei Confederation",
"start_year": 100,
"end_year": 250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 174,
"polity": {
"id": 437,
"name": "mn_hunnu_early",
"long_name": "Early Xiongnu",
"start_year": -1400,
"end_year": -300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 175,
"polity": {
"id": 278,
"name": "mn_rouran_khaganate",
"long_name": "Rouran Khaganate",
"start_year": 300,
"end_year": 555
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 176,
"polity": {
"id": 272,
"name": "mn_hunnu_emp",
"long_name": "Xiongnu Imperial Confederation",
"start_year": -209,
"end_year": -60
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "The literature consulted does not include the concept of moralizing enforcement in descriptions or reconstructions of religious beliefs in this region at this time. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/823Z6QEK\">[Baldick 2012]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 179,
"polity": {
"id": 77,
"name": "pe_cuzco_1",
"long_name": "Cuzco - Late Formative",
"start_year": -500,
"end_year": 200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Overall, the Central Andes represents a clear example of the formation of large-scale complex societies in the absence of MSP.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 180,
"polity": {
"id": 81,
"name": "pe_cuzco_5",
"long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate I",
"start_year": 1000,
"end_year": 1250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Overall, the Central Andes represents a clear example of the formation of large-scale complex societies in the absence of MSP.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 181,
"polity": {
"id": 78,
"name": "pe_cuzco_2",
"long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate I",
"start_year": 200,
"end_year": 499
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Overall, the Central Andes represents a clear example of the formation of large-scale complex societies in the absence of MSP.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 182,
"polity": {
"id": 82,
"name": "pe_cuzco_6",
"long_name": "Cuzco - Late Intermediate II",
"start_year": 1250,
"end_year": 1400
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Overall, the Central Andes represents a clear example of the formation of large-scale complex societies in the absence of MSP.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 183,
"polity": {
"id": 83,
"name": "pe_inca_emp",
"long_name": "Inca Empire",
"start_year": 1375,
"end_year": 1532
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Overall, the Central Andes represents a clear example of the formation of large-scale complex societies in the absence of MSP.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 184,
"polity": {
"id": 80,
"name": "pe_wari_emp",
"long_name": "Wari Empire",
"start_year": 650,
"end_year": 999
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Overall, the Central Andes represents a clear example of the formation of large-scale complex societies in the absence of MSP.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 185,
"polity": {
"id": 79,
"name": "pe_cuzco_3",
"long_name": "Cuzco - Early Intermediate II",
"start_year": 500,
"end_year": 649
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Overall, the Central Andes represents a clear example of the formation of large-scale complex societies in the absence of MSP.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZM795PMD\">[bookSection_NO_TITLE_PROVIDED_IN_ZOTERO]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 186,
"polity": {
"id": 22,
"name": "us_woodland_1",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Early Woodland",
"start_year": -600,
"end_year": -150
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 187,
"polity": {
"id": 34,
"name": "us_emergent_mississippian_2",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian II",
"start_year": 900,
"end_year": 1049
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 188,
"polity": {
"id": 27,
"name": "us_emergent_mississippian_1",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Emergent Mississippian I",
"start_year": 750,
"end_year": 900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 189,
"polity": {
"id": 25,
"name": "us_woodland_4",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland II",
"start_year": 450,
"end_year": 600
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 190,
"polity": {
"id": 24,
"name": "us_woodland_3",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland I",
"start_year": 300,
"end_year": 450
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 191,
"polity": {
"id": 23,
"name": "us_woodland_2",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Middle Woodland",
"start_year": -150,
"end_year": 300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 192,
"polity": {
"id": 26,
"name": "us_woodland_5",
"long_name": "Cahokia - Late Woodland III",
"start_year": 600,
"end_year": 750
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "We infer the absence of MSP beliefs in the Woodland and Emergent Mississippian periods, because of evidence for lack of MSP in later Mississippian religion. However, note there is little data on Woodland or Emergent Mississippian cosmology in general. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPMSN86M\">[Peregrine 2017]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 193,
"polity": {
"id": 144,
"name": "jp_yayoi",
"long_name": "Kansai - Yayoi Period",
"start_year": -300,
"end_year": 250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“[T]here is compelling evidence that the kami did consider some interpersonal violations to be punishable by divine intervention. In a twice-yearly purification ritual codified later but thought to have originated in this period, priests performed incantations designed to purge the sins of the entire populace (Anesaki 2012). The word translated here as “sins,” tsumi, in fact comprises all things seen as impure by the kami, including certain human wrongdoings as well as forms of ritual pollution and disasters themselves (Takeshi 1993). The mass purification ritual, however, functioned to purge a number of tsumi that clearly comprised interpersonal violations. These included a set of agricultural transgressions, from breaking down divisions between rice fields to filling in irrigation ditches, as well as a set of nonagricultural transgressions, such as cutting living bodies, witchcraft, and incest. That it was seen as necessary to purge this list of sins from the population suggests that the sins displeased the kami, and if they were not purged, collective punishment would be brought upon the population.[…] [T]hat there existed a centralized ritual to purge the whole country of the above sins twice a year may be taken as evidence that there was at some point likely to have been at least some fear of supernatural punishment for these transgressions.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 234]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 194,
"polity": {
"id": 145,
"name": "jp_kofun",
"long_name": "Kansai - Kofun Period",
"start_year": 250,
"end_year": 537
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“[T]here is compelling evidence that the kami did consider some interpersonal violations to be punishable by divine intervention. In a twice-yearly purification ritual codified later but thought to have originated in this period, priests performed incantations designed to purge the sins of the entire populace (Anesaki 2012). The word translated here as “sins,” tsumi, in fact comprises all things seen as impure by the kami, including certain human wrongdoings as well as forms of ritual pollution and disasters themselves (Takeshi 1993). The mass purification ritual, however, functioned to purge a number of tsumi that clearly comprised interpersonal violations. These included a set of agricultural transgressions, from breaking down divisions between rice fields to filling in irrigation ditches, as well as a set of nonagricultural transgressions, such as cutting living bodies, witchcraft, and incest. That it was seen as necessary to purge this list of sins from the population suggests that the sins displeased the kami, and if they were not purged, collective punishment would be brought upon the population.[…] [T]hat there existed a centralized ritual to purge the whole country of the above sins twice a year may be taken as evidence that there was at some point likely to have been at least some fear of supernatural punishment for these transgressions.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 234]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 195,
"polity": {
"id": 151,
"name": "jp_azuchi_momoyama",
"long_name": "Japan - Azuchi-Momoyama",
"start_year": 1568,
"end_year": 1603
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"From the sixteenth century onward, neo-Confucian ideas were diffused among a large proportion of the populace for the first time, aided by the publication of large numbers of texts in the vernacular and the founding of Confucian academies throughout Japan (Paramore 2016: 44–5). The concept of Heaven and the Way of Heaven—known in Japanese as tendo—became widespread, including the idea that improper conduct not in accord with tendo would result in negative consequences either for oneself or for one’s descendants.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, pp. 241-242]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 196,
"polity": {
"id": 152,
"name": "jp_tokugawa_shogunate",
"long_name": "Tokugawa Shogunate",
"start_year": 1603,
"end_year": 1868
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"From the sixteenth century onward, neo-Confucian ideas were diffused among a large proportion of the populace for the first time, aided by the publication of large numbers of texts in the vernacular and the founding of Confucian academies throughout Japan (Paramore 2016: 44–5). The concept of Heaven and the Way of Heaven—known in Japanese as tendo—became widespread, including the idea that improper conduct not in accord with tendo would result in negative consequences either for oneself or for one’s descendants.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, pp. 241-242]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 197,
"polity": {
"id": 139,
"name": "jp_jomon_2",
"long_name": "Japan - Initial Jomon",
"start_year": -9200,
"end_year": -5300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 198,
"polity": {
"id": 140,
"name": "jp_jomon_3",
"long_name": "Japan - Early Jomon",
"start_year": -5300,
"end_year": -3500
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 199,
"polity": {
"id": 138,
"name": "jp_jomon_1",
"long_name": "Japan - Incipient Jomon",
"start_year": -13600,
"end_year": -9200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 200,
"polity": {
"id": 141,
"name": "jp_jomon_4",
"long_name": "Japan - Middle Jomon",
"start_year": -3500,
"end_year": -2500
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 201,
"polity": {
"id": 142,
"name": "jp_jomon_5",
"long_name": "Japan - Late Jomon",
"start_year": -2500,
"end_year": -1200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 202,
"polity": {
"id": 143,
"name": "jp_jomon_6",
"long_name": "Japan - Final Jomon",
"start_year": -1200,
"end_year": -300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 203,
"polity": {
"id": 148,
"name": "jp_kamakura",
"long_name": "Kamakura Shogunate",
"start_year": 1185,
"end_year": 1333
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Especially noteworthy is the swearing of oaths to kami and Buddhist divinities, a practice widespread among the population (Hardacre 2017: 154–6). Such oaths were sworn for a wide variety of reasons, including affirming the truth of a testimony and making interpersonal commitments. Both the kami and the Buddhist divinities were seen as capable of enforcing them. They were believed to know the truth of people’s actions and motives and to display a wrathful readiness to punish wrongdoing. In this period, these beings came to be seen as rewarding good behavior and punishing transgressions generally; this was now referred to as shobatsu, “reward and punishment,” as opposed to the older, but still current, term tatari, that is, causing misfortune as a result of pollution.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 240]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 204,
"polity": {
"id": 149,
"name": "jp_ashikaga",
"long_name": "Ashikaga Shogunate",
"start_year": 1336,
"end_year": 1467
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Especially noteworthy is the swearing of oaths to kami and Buddhist divinities, a practice widespread among the population (Hardacre 2017: 154–6). Such oaths were sworn for a wide variety of reasons, including affirming the truth of a testimony and making interpersonal commitments. Both the kami and the Buddhist divinities were seen as capable of enforcing them. They were believed to know the truth of people’s actions and motives and to display a wrathful readiness to punish wrongdoing. In this period, these beings came to be seen as rewarding good behavior and punishing transgressions generally; this was now referred to as shobatsu, “reward and punishment,” as opposed to the older, but still current, term tatari, that is, causing misfortune as a result of pollution.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 240]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 205,
"polity": {
"id": 263,
"name": "jp_nara",
"long_name": "Nara Kingdom",
"start_year": 710,
"end_year": 794
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"As it spread, Buddhist divinities (buddhas, bodhisattvas, and foreign deities associated with Buddhism) were at first seen as “foreign kami,” who differed from Japanese kami only in their geographic origins and the rituals they required; otherwise, like their Japanese counterparts, “they were thought to cause diseases when angered, and to lend their power to the clan that conducted their cult, if only they were worshipped correctly and generously” (Teeuwen and Rambelli 2003: 7).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 236]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 206,
"polity": {
"id": 146,
"name": "jp_asuka",
"long_name": "Asuka",
"start_year": 538,
"end_year": 710
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"As it spread, Buddhist divinities (buddhas, bodhisattvas, and foreign deities associated with Buddhism) were at first seen as “foreign kami,” who differed from Japanese kami only in their geographic origins and the rituals they required; otherwise, like their Japanese counterparts, “they were thought to cause diseases when angered, and to lend their power to the clan that conducted their cult, if only they were worshipped correctly and generously” (Teeuwen and Rambelli 2003: 7).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/KPNFBIVN\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 236]</a>",
"description": null
}
]
}