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"comment": "“Jesus and the authors of the [New Testament][…] maintained much of the moral teaching that they had inherited from the [Old Testament]. Jesus innovated by putting together in one love-command the hitherto distinct commandments to love God (Deut. 6: 5) and to love one’s neighbour (Lev. 19: 18), by teaching a love for one’s enemies (Matt. 5: 43–8), and by practising an equality that was shockingly new for the culture of his time (both Jewish and Greco-Roman) in that women belonged to the travelling band of his disciples (Luke 8: 1–3). But, in general, both Jesus and the first Christians endorsed what Judaism had taught about right and wrong behaviour. Jesus and the early Christians, however, never endorsed armed violence, as did some texts of the Hebrew Bible, and drew rather on those passages that proclaimed peace.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WVP9QISX\">[O'Collins_Farrugia 2015, p. 354]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“The concept of divine judgment after death was elaborated and formalized in the New Kingdom in compositions such as the Book of the Dead, chapters 30 and 125 (e.g., Taylor 2010: 205; for a translation, see, e.g., Quirke 2013). These texts emphasize the importance of refraining from harming others through “negative confessions”—lists of misdeeds that are denied—to be recited before divine tribunals: “I have not done evil to anyone,” “I have not slain the sacred herd” (probably referring to humans, as in Ipuur, cited above), and so on (Stadler 2008).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 77]</a> \"[T]he motif of judgment after death, which in principle signifies concern with [moralistic supernatural enforcement], is attested on objects deposited in burials throughout the time from the New Kingdom to the Greco-Roman period [...]. How strong adherence to this conception was cannot be known, but its continued presence is beyond doubt.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 80]</a>",
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"comment": "“The concept of divine judgment after death was elaborated and formalized in the New Kingdom in compositions such as the Book of the Dead, chapters 30 and 125 (e.g., Taylor 2010: 205; for a translation, see, e.g., Quirke 2013). These texts emphasize the importance of refraining from harming others through “negative confessions”—lists of misdeeds that are denied—to be recited before divine tribunals: “I have not done evil to anyone,” “I have not slain the sacred herd” (probably referring to humans, as in Ipuur, cited above), and so on (Stadler 2008).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 77]</a>",
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"comment": "“The concept of divine judgment after death was elaborated and formalized in the New Kingdom in compositions such as the Book of the Dead, chapters 30 and 125 (e.g., Taylor 2010: 205; for a translation, see, e.g., Quirke 2013). These texts emphasize the importance of refraining from harming others through “negative confessions”—lists of misdeeds that are denied—to be recited before divine tribunals: “I have not done evil to anyone,” “I have not slain the sacred herd” (probably referring to humans, as in Ipuur, cited above), and so on (Stadler 2008).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 77]</a> \"[T]he motif of judgment after death, which in principle signifies concern with [moralistic supernatural enforcement], is attested on objects deposited in burials throughout the time from the New Kingdom to the Greco-Roman period [...]. How strong adherence to this conception was cannot be known, but its continued presence is beyond doubt.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 80]</a>",
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"id": 383,
"polity": {
"id": 520,
"name": "eg_thebes_hyksos",
"long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period",
"start_year": -1720,
"end_year": -1567
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Inscriptions and literary texts from the Middle Kingdom show the concept of ma’at beginning to be used in a more personal sense and in a broader range of contexts.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 76]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 384,
"polity": {
"id": 519,
"name": "eg_middle_k",
"long_name": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom",
"start_year": -2016,
"end_year": -1700
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Inscriptions and literary texts from the Middle Kingdom show the concept of ma’at beginning to be used in a more personal sense and in a broader range of contexts.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 76]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 385,
"polity": {
"id": 518,
"name": "eg_regions",
"long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions",
"start_year": -2150,
"end_year": -2016
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Inscriptions and literary texts from the Middle Kingdom show the concept of ma’at beginning to be used in a more personal sense and in a broader range of contexts.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 76]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 386,
"polity": {
"id": 164,
"name": "tr_hatti_new_k",
"long_name": "Hatti - New Kingdom",
"start_year": -1400,
"end_year": -1180
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"During the Hittite New Kingdom (1344–1180 BCE), sins such as theft, murder (particularly the murder of family members), and oath violation (as well as a number of ritual transgressions) were all thought to result in divine punishment through earthly misfortune (Bryce 2002: 139–40; Collins 2007: 91, 178–9).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NDGF9JRC\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 135]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 387,
"polity": {
"id": 163,
"name": "tr_konya_lba",
"long_name": "Konya Plain - Late Bronze Age II",
"start_year": -1500,
"end_year": -1400
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"During the Hittite New Kingdom (1344–1180 BCE), sins such as theft, murder (particularly the murder of family members), and oath violation (as well as a number of ritual transgressions) were all thought to result in divine punishment through earthly misfortune (Bryce 2002: 139–40; Collins 2007: 91, 178–9).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NDGF9JRC\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 135]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 388,
"polity": {
"id": 162,
"name": "tr_hatti_old_k",
"long_name": "Hatti - Old Kingdom",
"start_year": -1650,
"end_year": -1500
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"During the Hittite New Kingdom (1344–1180 BCE), sins such as theft, murder (particularly the murder of family members), and oath violation (as well as a number of ritual transgressions) were all thought to result in divine punishment through earthly misfortune (Bryce 2002: 139–40; Collins 2007: 91, 178–9).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NDGF9JRC\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 135]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 389,
"polity": {
"id": 346,
"name": "iq_neo_babylonian_emp",
"long_name": "Neo-Babylonian Empire",
"start_year": -626,
"end_year": -539
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Earliest texts pointing to broad supernatural concern with morality date to the Late Sumerian/Isin Larsa period (2100-1830 BCE), where hymns and prayers cast deities as defenders of the “good and just” in general and punishers of “the unrighteous, evil, oppressor, […] the informer,/the arrogant, the agreement-violator”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z6W3ZCD4\">[Kramer 1956, pp. 53-55]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 390,
"polity": {
"id": 477,
"name": "iq_ur_dyn_3",
"long_name": "Ur - Dynasty III",
"start_year": -2112,
"end_year": -2004
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Earliest texts pointing to broad supernatural concern with morality date to the Late Sumerian/Isin Larsa period (2100-1830 BCE), where hymns and prayers cast deities as defenders of the “good and just” in general and punishers of “the unrighteous, evil, oppressor, […] the informer,/the arrogant, the agreement-violator”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z6W3ZCD4\">[Kramer 1956, pp. 53-55]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 391,
"polity": {
"id": 478,
"name": "iq_isin_larsa",
"long_name": "Isin-Larsa",
"start_year": -2004,
"end_year": -1763
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Earliest texts pointing to broad supernatural concern with morality date to the Late Sumerian/Isin Larsa period (2100-1830 BCE), where hymns and prayers cast deities as defenders of the “good and just” in general and punishers of “the unrighteous, evil, oppressor, […] the informer,/the arrogant, the agreement-violator”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z6W3ZCD4\">[Kramer 1956, pp. 53-55]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 392,
"polity": {
"id": 482,
"name": "iq_dynasty_e",
"long_name": "Dynasty of E",
"start_year": -979,
"end_year": -732
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Earliest texts pointing to broad supernatural concern with morality date to the Late Sumerian/Isin Larsa period (2100-1830 BCE), where hymns and prayers cast deities as defenders of the “good and just” in general and punishers of “the unrighteous, evil, oppressor, […] the informer,/the arrogant, the agreement-violator”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z6W3ZCD4\">[Kramer 1956, pp. 53-55]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 393,
"polity": {
"id": 481,
"name": "iq_bazi_dyn",
"long_name": "Bazi Dynasty",
"start_year": -1005,
"end_year": -986
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Earliest texts pointing to broad supernatural concern with morality date to the Late Sumerian/Isin Larsa period (2100-1830 BCE), where hymns and prayers cast deities as defenders of the “good and just” in general and punishers of “the unrighteous, evil, oppressor, […] the informer,/the arrogant, the agreement-violator”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z6W3ZCD4\">[Kramer 1956, pp. 53-55]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 394,
"polity": {
"id": 106,
"name": "iq_neo_assyrian_emp",
"long_name": "Neo-Assyrian Empire",
"start_year": -911,
"end_year": -612
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Earliest texts pointing to broad supernatural concern with morality date to the Late Sumerian/Isin Larsa period (2100-1830 BCE), where hymns and prayers cast deities as defenders of the “good and just” in general and punishers of “the unrighteous, evil, oppressor, […] the informer,/the arrogant, the agreement-violator”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z6W3ZCD4\">[Kramer 1956, pp. 53-55]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 395,
"polity": {
"id": 479,
"name": "iq_babylonia_1",
"long_name": "Amorite Babylonia",
"start_year": -2000,
"end_year": -1600
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Earliest texts pointing to broad supernatural concern with morality date to the Late Sumerian/Isin Larsa period (2100-1830 BCE), where hymns and prayers cast deities as defenders of the “good and just” in general and punishers of “the unrighteous, evil, oppressor, […] the informer,/the arrogant, the agreement-violator”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z6W3ZCD4\">[Kramer 1956, pp. 53-55]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 396,
"polity": {
"id": 480,
"name": "iq_isin_dynasty2",
"long_name": "Second Dynasty of Isin",
"start_year": -1153,
"end_year": -1027
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Earliest texts pointing to broad supernatural concern with morality date to the Late Sumerian/Isin Larsa period (2100-1830 BCE), where hymns and prayers cast deities as defenders of the “good and just” in general and punishers of “the unrighteous, evil, oppressor, […] the informer,/the arrogant, the agreement-violator”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z6W3ZCD4\">[Kramer 1956, pp. 53-55]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 397,
"polity": {
"id": 909,
"name": "iq_middle_assyrian_emp",
"long_name": "Middle Assyrian Empire",
"start_year": -1365,
"end_year": -912
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Earliest texts pointing to broad supernatural concern with morality date to the Late Sumerian/Isin Larsa period (2100-1830 BCE), where hymns and prayers cast deities as defenders of the “good and just” in general and punishers of “the unrighteous, evil, oppressor, […] the informer,/the arrogant, the agreement-violator”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z6W3ZCD4\">[Kramer 1956, pp. 53-55]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 398,
"polity": {
"id": 342,
"name": "iq_babylonia_2",
"long_name": "Kassite Babylonia",
"start_year": -1595,
"end_year": -1150
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "Earliest texts pointing to broad supernatural concern with morality date to the Late Sumerian/Isin Larsa period (2100-1830 BCE), where hymns and prayers cast deities as defenders of the “good and just” in general and punishers of “the unrighteous, evil, oppressor, […] the informer,/the arrogant, the agreement-violator”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/Z6W3ZCD4\">[Kramer 1956, pp. 53-55]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 399,
"polity": {
"id": 512,
"name": "eg_naqada_2",
"long_name": "Naqada II",
"start_year": -3550,
"end_year": -3300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 400,
"polity": {
"id": 511,
"name": "eg_naqada_1",
"long_name": "Naqada I",
"start_year": -3800,
"end_year": -3550
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 401,
"polity": {
"id": 421,
"name": "cn_erlitou",
"long_name": "Erlitou",
"start_year": -1850,
"end_year": -1600
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Inferring absence based on the absent code for the most recent period that has left written evidence of religious beliefs (Late Shang, c. 1250-1046 BCE). That absent code is based on the following quote: “Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 402,
"polity": {
"id": 419,
"name": "cn_yangshao",
"long_name": "Yangshao",
"start_year": -5000,
"end_year": -3000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Inferring absence based on the absent code for the most recent period that has left written evidence of religious beliefs (Late Shang, c. 1250-1046 BCE). That absent code is based on the following quote: “Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 403,
"polity": {
"id": 420,
"name": "cn_longshan",
"long_name": "Longshan",
"start_year": -3000,
"end_year": -1900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Inferring absence based on the absent code for the most recent period that has left written evidence of religious beliefs (Late Shang, c. 1250-1046 BCE). That absent code is based on the following quote: “Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 404,
"polity": {
"id": 422,
"name": "cn_erligang",
"long_name": "Erligang",
"start_year": -1650,
"end_year": -1250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Inferring absence based on the absent code for the most recent period that has left written evidence of religious beliefs (Late Shang, c. 1250-1046 BCE). That absent code is based on the following quote: “Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 405,
"polity": {
"id": 64,
"name": "gr_crete_post_palace_1",
"long_name": "Postpalatial Crete",
"start_year": -1300,
"end_year": -1200
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Another, complementary approach is to situate the Myceneans and other speakers of Indo-European languages in the Mediterranean, within the larger Indo-European cultural sphere. Jean Haudry (1993) compared oath formulas from a number of Indo-European languages (Old Norse, Russian, Sanskrit, and Persian) and found that they share the image of the perjurer struck by his own weapon. Thus, the mechanism by which the oath ritual works is likely an Indo-European concept, and so this aspect of [moralistic supernatural enforcement] was probably present. Another aspect of MSP among Indo-European peoples is the notion that abuse of norms between guests and hosts will be punished and outstanding hospitality rewarded, but once again our evidence is best attested in the historical period, discussed below.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, pp. 20-21]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 406,
"polity": {
"id": 63,
"name": "gr_crete_mono_palace",
"long_name": "Monopalatial Crete",
"start_year": -1450,
"end_year": -1300
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Another, complementary approach is to situate the Myceneans and other speakers of Indo-European languages in the Mediterranean, within the larger Indo-European cultural sphere. Jean Haudry (1993) compared oath formulas from a number of Indo-European languages (Old Norse, Russian, Sanskrit, and Persian) and found that they share the image of the perjurer struck by his own weapon. Thus, the mechanism by which the oath ritual works is likely an Indo-European concept, and so this aspect of [moralistic supernatural enforcement] was probably present. Another aspect of MSP among Indo-European peoples is the notion that abuse of norms between guests and hosts will be punished and outstanding hospitality rewarded, but once again our evidence is best attested in the historical period, discussed below.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, pp. 20-21]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 407,
"polity": {
"id": 65,
"name": "gr_crete_post_palace_2",
"long_name": "Final Postpalatial Crete",
"start_year": -1200,
"end_year": -1000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"Another, complementary approach is to situate the Myceneans and other speakers of Indo-European languages in the Mediterranean, within the larger Indo-European cultural sphere. Jean Haudry (1993) compared oath formulas from a number of Indo-European languages (Old Norse, Russian, Sanskrit, and Persian) and found that they share the image of the perjurer struck by his own weapon. Thus, the mechanism by which the oath ritual works is likely an Indo-European concept, and so this aspect of [moralistic supernatural enforcement] was probably present. Another aspect of MSP among Indo-European peoples is the notion that abuse of norms between guests and hosts will be punished and outstanding hospitality rewarded, but once again our evidence is best attested in the historical period, discussed below.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DIRZ999P\">[Larson_et_al 2024, pp. 20-21]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 408,
"polity": {
"id": 62,
"name": "gr_crete_new_palace",
"long_name": "New Palace Crete",
"start_year": -1700,
"end_year": -1450
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 409,
"polity": {
"id": 61,
"name": "gr_crete_old_palace",
"long_name": "Old Palace Crete",
"start_year": -1900,
"end_year": -1700
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 410,
"polity": {
"id": 788,
"name": "et_ethiopian_k_3",
"long_name": "Ethiopia Kingdom III",
"start_year": 1769,
"end_year": 1854
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_is_broad",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "The idea of loving one's neighbour implies a broad range of moral activity. “We have said that deification means ‘following the commandments’; and these commandments were briefly described by Christ as love of God and love of neighbour. The two forms of love are inseparable. A man can love his neighbour as himself only if he loves God above all; and a man cannot love God if he does not love his fellow men (1 John iv, 20).” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N4A4ZTEH\">[Ware 1963]</a>",
"description": null
}
]
}