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"comment": "\"Unlike the Greek and Roman religions, Christianity had moral aspects tightly integrated into its religious framework. It was not easy to convey that novel model (and the related practices), developed in the context of an elitist movement, to the mass membership of the post-Constantinian Church. The new system can be summarized in this way: humans commit all kinds of sins, which destines them for eternal punishment in Hell; humans lack the power to perfect themselves so they can escape eternal punishment; God offers a way out of sin (and its consequences), but humans have to accept His offer; God’s grace works through the practices of the Church, which believers have to follow to escape Hell.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NC2F8S9P\">[Czachesz_et_al 2024, p. 100]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
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"comment": "“Middle Kingdom literary texts take various approaches to these issues. The Teaching for King Merikare—which some scholars date to the early New Kingdom—frames death, illness, and catastrophes as righteous punishments by the creator god. “He has killed His enemies and He has destroyed His children / for thinking to make rebellion” (Parkinson 1997: 226). Spell 1130 in the Coffin Texts (a corpus inscribed on coffins mainly in the Middle Kingdom) speaks in the voice of the creator god, who claims to have ordered the world through his good deeds: “I made every man equal to his fellow, and I forbade them to do wrong, but their hearts disobeyed what I had said” (Faulkner 1978: 167). In this formulation, misfortune in this life, and by implication retribution in the afterlife, are the consequences of human wrongdoing.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, pp. 75-76]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Middle Kingdom literary texts take various approaches to these issues. The Teaching for King Merikare—which some scholars date to the early New Kingdom—frames death, illness, and catastrophes as righteous punishments by the creator god. “He has killed His enemies and He has destroyed His children / for thinking to make rebellion” (Parkinson 1997: 226). Spell 1130 in the Coffin Texts (a corpus inscribed on coffins mainly in the Middle Kingdom) speaks in the voice of the creator god, who claims to have ordered the world through his good deeds: “I made every man equal to his fellow, and I forbade them to do wrong, but their hearts disobeyed what I had said” (Faulkner 1978: 167). In this formulation, misfortune in this life, and by implication retribution in the afterlife, are the consequences of human wrongdoing.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, pp. 75-76]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Middle Kingdom literary texts take various approaches to these issues. The Teaching for King Merikare—which some scholars date to the early New Kingdom—frames death, illness, and catastrophes as righteous punishments by the creator god. “He has killed His enemies and He has destroyed His children / for thinking to make rebellion” (Parkinson 1997: 226). Spell 1130 in the Coffin Texts (a corpus inscribed on coffins mainly in the Middle Kingdom) speaks in the voice of the creator god, who claims to have ordered the world through his good deeds: “I made every man equal to his fellow, and I forbade them to do wrong, but their hearts disobeyed what I had said” (Faulkner 1978: 167). In this formulation, misfortune in this life, and by implication retribution in the afterlife, are the consequences of human wrongdoing.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZQ2347BZ\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, pp. 75-76]</a>",
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"comment": "\"The Hittites also believed in an afterlife. As in Mesopotamia, textual references to the Hittite afterlife are almost entirely negative, depicting a gloomy, sunless world[.] […] However, though some texts suggest that at least some kings believed the afterlife to be dark and miserable (e.g., Hattusili I and Mursili II), other texts describe an idyllic afterlife reserved exclusively for rulers (Bryce 2002: 181, 183–4). Similarly, archaeological evidence (and specifically the types of items that accompanied the dead in their graves) indicates yet another alternative vision of the afterlife, suggesting that the dead had similar activities and occupations as the living (Bryce 2002: 180). Still, none of these versions of the afterlife suggest that the Hittites believed that one’s fate after death was determined by one’s moral conduct in life.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NDGF9JRC\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 136]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
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"comment": "\"The Hittites also believed in an afterlife. As in Mesopotamia, textual references to the Hittite afterlife are almost entirely negative, depicting a gloomy, sunless world[.] […] However, though some texts suggest that at least some kings believed the afterlife to be dark and miserable (e.g., Hattusili I and Mursili II), other texts describe an idyllic afterlife reserved exclusively for rulers (Bryce 2002: 181, 183–4). Similarly, archaeological evidence (and specifically the types of items that accompanied the dead in their graves) indicates yet another alternative vision of the afterlife, suggesting that the dead had similar activities and occupations as the living (Bryce 2002: 180). Still, none of these versions of the afterlife suggest that the Hittites believed that one’s fate after death was determined by one’s moral conduct in life.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NDGF9JRC\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 136]</a>",
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"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
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"comment": "\"The Hittites also believed in an afterlife. As in Mesopotamia, textual references to the Hittite afterlife are almost entirely negative, depicting a gloomy, sunless world[.] […] However, though some texts suggest that at least some kings believed the afterlife to be dark and miserable (e.g., Hattusili I and Mursili II), other texts describe an idyllic afterlife reserved exclusively for rulers (Bryce 2002: 181, 183–4). Similarly, archaeological evidence (and specifically the types of items that accompanied the dead in their graves) indicates yet another alternative vision of the afterlife, suggesting that the dead had similar activities and occupations as the living (Bryce 2002: 180). Still, none of these versions of the afterlife suggest that the Hittites believed that one’s fate after death was determined by one’s moral conduct in life.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NDGF9JRC\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, p. 136]</a>",
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"comment": "Two manuscripts dating to this period provide the earliest known detailed descriptions of the Mesopotamian afterlife. These descriptions imply that everyone meets the same fate after death. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XGXP5MCJ\">[Schneider 2013, pp. 65-66]</a>",
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"comment": "Two manuscripts dating to this period provide the earliest known detailed descriptions of the Mesopotamian afterlife. These descriptions imply that everyone meets the same fate after death. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/XGXP5MCJ\">[Schneider 2013, pp. 65-66]</a>",
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"comment": "“Hell is not so much a place where God imprisons man, as a place where man, by misusing his free will, chooses to imprison himself. And even in Hell the wicked are not deprived of the love of God, but by their own choice they experience as suffering what the saints experience as joy. ‘The love of God will be an intolerable torment for those who have not acquired it within themselves.’” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N4A4ZTEH\">[Ware 1963, p. 266]</a>",
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"comment": "“Hell is not so much a place where God imprisons man, as a place where man, by misusing his free will, chooses to imprison himself. And even in Hell the wicked are not deprived of the love of God, but by their own choice they experience as suffering what the saints experience as joy. ‘The love of God will be an intolerable torment for those who have not acquired it within themselves.’” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N4A4ZTEH\">[Ware 1963, p. 266]</a>",
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"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Hell is not so much a place where God imprisons man, as a place where man, by misusing his free will, chooses to imprison himself. And even in Hell the wicked are not deprived of the love of God, but by their own choice they experience as suffering what the saints experience as joy. ‘The love of God will be an intolerable torment for those who have not acquired it within themselves.’” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N4A4ZTEH\">[Ware 1963, p. 266]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 386,
"polity": {
"id": 571,
"name": "ru_romanov_dyn_2",
"long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II",
"start_year": 1776,
"end_year": 1917
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Hell is not so much a place where God imprisons man, as a place where man, by misusing his free will, chooses to imprison himself. And even in Hell the wicked are not deprived of the love of God, but by their own choice they experience as suffering what the saints experience as joy. ‘The love of God will be an intolerable torment for those who have not acquired it within themselves.’” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N4A4ZTEH\">[Ware 1963, p. 266]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 387,
"polity": {
"id": 75,
"name": "tr_byzantine_emp_2",
"long_name": "Byzantine Empire II",
"start_year": 867,
"end_year": 1072
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Hell is not so much a place where God imprisons man, as a place where man, by misusing his free will, chooses to imprison himself. And even in Hell the wicked are not deprived of the love of God, but by their own choice they experience as suffering what the saints experience as joy. ‘The love of God will be an intolerable torment for those who have not acquired it within themselves.’” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N4A4ZTEH\">[Ware 1963, p. 266]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 388,
"polity": {
"id": 337,
"name": "ru_moskva_rurik_dyn",
"long_name": "Grand Principality of Moscow, Rurikid Dynasty",
"start_year": 1480,
"end_year": 1613
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Hell is not so much a place where God imprisons man, as a place where man, by misusing his free will, chooses to imprison himself. And even in Hell the wicked are not deprived of the love of God, but by their own choice they experience as suffering what the saints experience as joy. ‘The love of God will be an intolerable torment for those who have not acquired it within themselves.’” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N4A4ZTEH\">[Ware 1963, p. 266]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 389,
"polity": {
"id": 234,
"name": "et_ethiopian_k",
"long_name": "Ethiopia Kingdom",
"start_year": 1270,
"end_year": 1620
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Hell is not so much a place where God imprisons man, as a place where man, by misusing his free will, chooses to imprison himself. And even in Hell the wicked are not deprived of the love of God, but by their own choice they experience as suffering what the saints experience as joy. ‘The love of God will be an intolerable torment for those who have not acquired it within themselves.’” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N4A4ZTEH\">[Ware 1963, p. 266]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 390,
"polity": {
"id": 789,
"name": "et_ethiopian_k_2",
"long_name": "Ethiopia Kingdom II",
"start_year": 1621,
"end_year": 1768
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Hell is not so much a place where God imprisons man, as a place where man, by misusing his free will, chooses to imprison himself. And even in Hell the wicked are not deprived of the love of God, but by their own choice they experience as suffering what the saints experience as joy. ‘The love of God will be an intolerable torment for those who have not acquired it within themselves.’” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N4A4ZTEH\">[Ware 1963, p. 266]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 391,
"polity": {
"id": 600,
"name": "ru_romanov_dyn_1",
"long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty I",
"start_year": 1614,
"end_year": 1775
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Hell is not so much a place where God imprisons man, as a place where man, by misusing his free will, chooses to imprison himself. And even in Hell the wicked are not deprived of the love of God, but by their own choice they experience as suffering what the saints experience as joy. ‘The love of God will be an intolerable torment for those who have not acquired it within themselves.’” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N4A4ZTEH\">[Ware 1963, p. 266]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 392,
"polity": {
"id": 72,
"name": "tr_east_roman_emp",
"long_name": "East Roman Empire",
"start_year": 395,
"end_year": 631
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Hell is not so much a place where God imprisons man, as a place where man, by misusing his free will, chooses to imprison himself. And even in Hell the wicked are not deprived of the love of God, but by their own choice they experience as suffering what the saints experience as joy. ‘The love of God will be an intolerable torment for those who have not acquired it within themselves.’” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N4A4ZTEH\">[Ware 1963, p. 266]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 393,
"polity": {
"id": 421,
"name": "cn_erlitou",
"long_name": "Erlitou",
"start_year": -1850,
"end_year": -1600
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Inferring absence based on the absent code for the most recent period that has left written evidence of religious beliefs (Late Shang, c. 1250-1046 BCE). That absent code is based on the following quote: “Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 394,
"polity": {
"id": 419,
"name": "cn_yangshao",
"long_name": "Yangshao",
"start_year": -5000,
"end_year": -3000
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Inferring absence based on the absent code for the most recent period that has left written evidence of religious beliefs (Late Shang, c. 1250-1046 BCE). That absent code is based on the following quote: “Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 395,
"polity": {
"id": 420,
"name": "cn_longshan",
"long_name": "Longshan",
"start_year": -3000,
"end_year": -1900
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Inferring absence based on the absent code for the most recent period that has left written evidence of religious beliefs (Late Shang, c. 1250-1046 BCE). That absent code is based on the following quote: “Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 396,
"polity": {
"id": 422,
"name": "cn_erligang",
"long_name": "Erligang",
"start_year": -1650,
"end_year": -1250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "Inferring absence based on the absent code for the most recent period that has left written evidence of religious beliefs (Late Shang, c. 1250-1046 BCE). That absent code is based on the following quote: “Nowhere in the texts do we see clear indication that the Powers are beneficent …. The Shang rulers seek advance approval for their actions - sometimes, it seems, obsessively - but there is no suggestion that the basis for approval will be anything other than the arbitrary inclinations of the Powers”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/HRDEVGKT\">[Eno_Lagerway_Kalinowski 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 397,
"polity": {
"id": 62,
"name": "gr_crete_new_palace",
"long_name": "New Palace Crete",
"start_year": -1700,
"end_year": -1450
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 398,
"polity": {
"id": 61,
"name": "gr_crete_old_palace",
"long_name": "Old Palace Crete",
"start_year": -1900,
"end_year": -1700
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": "EMPTY_COMMENT",
"description": null
},
{
"id": 399,
"polity": {
"id": 443,
"name": "mn_mongol_late",
"long_name": "Late Mongols",
"start_year": 1368,
"end_year": 1690
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Indeed, karma is the principle on which most moralizing supernatural punishment and reward (MSP) in Buddhism is based. According to doctrine, intentional actions plant a “seed” that bears their moral valence. At some future time, whether in this life or the following one or more reincarnations, this seed bears karmic “fruit,” bringing about outcomes that are good or bad to the extent the action was good or bad.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 106]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 401,
"polity": {
"id": 267,
"name": "mn_mongol_emp",
"long_name": "Mongol Empire",
"start_year": 1206,
"end_year": 1270
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Erleg Khan, ruler of the lower world, is responsible for the disposition of the suns, and determines when and where it reincarnates. If a soul was extremely evil during its life on earth he may send it to Ela Guren, a part of the lower world where souls are extinguished forever.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/S4CBUW7I\">[Odigan_Stewart 1997]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 402,
"polity": {
"id": 442,
"name": "mn_mongol_early",
"long_name": "Early Mongols",
"start_year": 1000,
"end_year": 1206
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Erleg Khan, ruler of the lower world, is responsible for the disposition of the suns, and determines when and where it reincarnates. If a soul was extremely evil during its life on earth he may send it to Ela Guren, a part of the lower world where souls are extinguished forever.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/S4CBUW7I\">[Odigan_Stewart 1997]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 403,
"polity": {
"id": 48,
"name": "id_medang_k",
"long_name": "Medang Kingdom",
"start_year": 732,
"end_year": 1019
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Most times, when karma (as action) is aligned with dharma, one accrues puṇya as its phala. In order to be reborn as a human in the next life, one needs to accrue more puṇya than pāpa—the underlying assumption in this discourse is that being born as anything other than a human is a subpar result (Sharma 1990). Being reborn, however, is in the larger scheme of things still a subpar result as one is still caught up in saṃsāra, the cycle of pain, misery, and suffering, which, in this discourse, is life. To shuffle off the mortal coil of saṃsāra altogether for eternity, one needs to accrue a critical mass of puṇya. This enables one to achieve mokṣa or mukti (liberation).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EBDJ2WB5\">[Das_et_al 2024, p. 50]</a> “Indeed, karma is the principle on which most moralizing supernatural punishment and reward (MSP) in Buddhism is based. According to doctrine, intentional actions plant a “seed” that bears their moral valence. At some future time, whether in this life or the following one or more reincarnations, this seed bears karmic “fruit,” bringing about outcomes that are good or bad to the extent the action was good or bad.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 106]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 404,
"polity": {
"id": 50,
"name": "id_majapahit_k",
"long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom",
"start_year": 1292,
"end_year": 1518
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Most times, when karma (as action) is aligned with dharma, one accrues puṇya as its phala. In order to be reborn as a human in the next life, one needs to accrue more puṇya than pāpa—the underlying assumption in this discourse is that being born as anything other than a human is a subpar result (Sharma 1990). Being reborn, however, is in the larger scheme of things still a subpar result as one is still caught up in saṃsāra, the cycle of pain, misery, and suffering, which, in this discourse, is life. To shuffle off the mortal coil of saṃsāra altogether for eternity, one needs to accrue a critical mass of puṇya. This enables one to achieve mokṣa or mukti (liberation).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EBDJ2WB5\">[Das_et_al 2024, p. 50]</a> “Indeed, karma is the principle on which most moralizing supernatural punishment and reward (MSP) in Buddhism is based. According to doctrine, intentional actions plant a “seed” that bears their moral valence. At some future time, whether in this life or the following one or more reincarnations, this seed bears karmic “fruit,” bringing about outcomes that are good or bad to the extent the action was good or bad.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 106]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 405,
"polity": {
"id": 282,
"name": "kg_western_turk_khaganate",
"long_name": "Western Turk Khaganate",
"start_year": 582,
"end_year": 630
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Erleg Khan, ruler of the lower world, is responsible for the disposition of the suns, and determines when and where it reincarnates. If a soul was extremely evil during its life on earth he may send it to Ela Guren, a part of the lower world where souls are extinguished forever.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/S4CBUW7I\">[Odigan_Stewart 1997]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 406,
"polity": {
"id": 468,
"name": "uz_sogdiana_city_states",
"long_name": "Sogdiana - City-States Period",
"start_year": 604,
"end_year": 711
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"If the record of that soul's life on earth is represented in the balance by a weighty accumulation of good thoughts, words, and deeds, then the soul meets its own conscience in the shape of a \"fair maiden\" and crosses without difficulty to paradise. But if the reverse is the case, then the passage over the Chinvat Bridge becomes an entirely different experience for the soul. The bridge turns on its side, presenting a knife's edge footing like the edge of a sword, and the soul perceives its own conscience in the shape of an \"ugly hag\" and plunges into the abyss of hell (Dadastan i Dinig 21.3, 21.5,21.7, 25.6, 34.3-4, 85.7).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TSXN78UE\">[Nigosian 1993, p. 92]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 407,
"polity": {
"id": 623,
"name": "zi_toutswe",
"long_name": "Toutswe",
"start_year": 700,
"end_year": 1250
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "SSP",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "unknown",
"comment": null,
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 408,
"polity": {
"id": 440,
"name": "mn_turk_khaganate_2",
"long_name": "Second Turk Khaganate",
"start_year": 682,
"end_year": 744
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Erleg Khan, ruler of the lower world, is responsible for the disposition of the suns, and determines when and where it reincarnates. If a soul was extremely evil during its life on earth he may send it to Ela Guren, a part of the lower world where souls are extinguished forever.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/S4CBUW7I\">[Odigan_Stewart 1997]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 409,
"polity": {
"id": 283,
"name": "mn_turk_khaganate_1",
"long_name": "Eastern Turk Khaganate",
"start_year": 583,
"end_year": 630
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "IFR",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "\"Erleg Khan, ruler of the lower world, is responsible for the disposition of the suns, and determines when and where it reincarnates. If a soul was extremely evil during its life on earth he may send it to Ela Guren, a part of the lower world where souls are extinguished forever.\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/S4CBUW7I\">[Odigan_Stewart 1997]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 410,
"polity": {
"id": 260,
"name": "cn_sui_dyn",
"long_name": "Sui Dynasty",
"start_year": 581,
"end_year": 618
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Indeed, karma is the principle on which most moralizing supernatural punishment and reward (MSP) in Buddhism is based. According to doctrine, intentional actions plant a “seed” that bears their moral valence. At some future time, whether in this life or the following one or more reincarnations, this seed bears karmic “fruit,” bringing about outcomes that are good or bad to the extent the action was good or bad.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 106]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 411,
"polity": {
"id": 288,
"name": "mn_khitan_1",
"long_name": "Khitan I",
"start_year": 907,
"end_year": 1125
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“Indeed, karma is the principle on which most moralizing supernatural punishment and reward (MSP) in Buddhism is based. According to doctrine, intentional actions plant a “seed” that bears their moral valence. At some future time, whether in this life or the following one or more reincarnations, this seed bears karmic “fruit,” bringing about outcomes that are good or bad to the extent the action was good or bad.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 106]</a>",
"description": ""
}
]
}