HTTP 200 OK
Allow: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS
Content-Type: application/json
Vary: Accept
{
"count": 455,
"next": null,
"previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/rt/moralizing-enforcement-in-afterlife/?format=api&page=9",
"results": [
{
"id": 463,
"polity": {
"id": 636,
"name": "et_jimma_k",
"long_name": "Kingdom of Jimma",
"start_year": 1790,
"end_year": 1932
},
"year_from": 1830,
"year_to": 1932,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "After conversion to Islam. \"In Islam, afterlife doctrine is laid out in the Qurʾān and the ḥadīth reports. According to this doctrine, individuals begin to experience a state of pleasure or pain immediately after they die as they are placed in the grave (e.g., bad people are tormented in the grave by angels). Then, all humans are resurrected bodily at the end of time (Yawm al-Qiyāma). It is believed that angels monitor humans throughout their lives and keep a record of their deeds, no matter how insignificant. Humans are confronted with this record upon their resurrection. Addressing this matter, the Qurʾān (99:6–8) states, “On that Day, people will come forward in separate groups to be shown their deeds. Whoever has done an atom’s weight of good will see it, but whoever has done an atom’s weight of evil will see that” (Abdel Haleem 2004: 431). The record is then presented to Allāh, and He issues a judgment, with the help of a scale of justice (mīzān). Allāh takes account of a person’s deeds, alongside their beliefs and moral character (akhlāq) (e.g., humility, generosity, love of God, fear of God). A person who lacks belief in Islam is condemned to an eternity in Hell (at least if that person had lived after the coming of Muḥammad and heard his message). As for those who believe in Islam, there are two possibilities. If a person’s good deeds and moral character outweigh their bad deeds and faults, the person is immediately granted Heaven for eternity. If matters are otherwise, the person is sent to Hell for a period of time to suffer and is then granted Heaven for eternity. In Islam, Heaven is conceptualized as a garden paradise (janna), wherein an individual may enjoy all types of pleasures, including sensual pleasures (e.g., fine foods, mansions, sex with beautiful virgins) (Gunther and Lawson 2017; Rustomji 2010). However, it is widely held that the highest pleasure consists in spending time with Allāh (who is beloved by believers). Hell (jahannam) is conceptualized as a pit filled with burning fire (nār), in which individuals are tortured in a graphic manner (e.g., their skin is scorched by the flames, they are made to drink festering water) (Lange 2016). The level of pleasure nor pain experienced in the afterlife is proportional to one’s deeds on earth (i.e., morally better people have more extensive pleasures in Heaven, and morally worse people have more severe punishments in Hell).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 140]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 464,
"polity": {
"id": 647,
"name": "er_medri_bahri",
"long_name": "Medri Bahri",
"start_year": 1310,
"end_year": 1889
},
"year_from": 1751,
"year_to": 1889,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "After conversion to Islam. \"In Islam, afterlife doctrine is laid out in the Qurʾān and the ḥadīth reports. According to this doctrine, individuals begin to experience a state of pleasure or pain immediately after they die as they are placed in the grave (e.g., bad people are tormented in the grave by angels). Then, all humans are resurrected bodily at the end of time (Yawm al-Qiyāma). It is believed that angels monitor humans throughout their lives and keep a record of their deeds, no matter how insignificant. Humans are confronted with this record upon their resurrection. Addressing this matter, the Qurʾān (99:6–8) states, “On that Day, people will come forward in separate groups to be shown their deeds. Whoever has done an atom’s weight of good will see it, but whoever has done an atom’s weight of evil will see that” (Abdel Haleem 2004: 431). The record is then presented to Allāh, and He issues a judgment, with the help of a scale of justice (mīzān). Allāh takes account of a person’s deeds, alongside their beliefs and moral character (akhlāq) (e.g., humility, generosity, love of God, fear of God). A person who lacks belief in Islam is condemned to an eternity in Hell (at least if that person had lived after the coming of Muḥammad and heard his message). As for those who believe in Islam, there are two possibilities. If a person’s good deeds and moral character outweigh their bad deeds and faults, the person is immediately granted Heaven for eternity. If matters are otherwise, the person is sent to Hell for a period of time to suffer and is then granted Heaven for eternity. In Islam, Heaven is conceptualized as a garden paradise (janna), wherein an individual may enjoy all types of pleasures, including sensual pleasures (e.g., fine foods, mansions, sex with beautiful virgins) (Gunther and Lawson 2017; Rustomji 2010). However, it is widely held that the highest pleasure consists in spending time with Allāh (who is beloved by believers). Hell (jahannam) is conceptualized as a pit filled with burning fire (nār), in which individuals are tortured in a graphic manner (e.g., their skin is scorched by the flames, they are made to drink festering water) (Lange 2016). The level of pleasure nor pain experienced in the afterlife is proportional to one’s deeds on earth (i.e., morally better people have more extensive pleasures in Heaven, and morally worse people have more severe punishments in Hell).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/A9X3RAQW\">[Nakissa_et_al 2024, p. 140]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 465,
"polity": {
"id": 546,
"name": "cn_five_dyn",
"long_name": "Five Dynasties Period",
"start_year": 906,
"end_year": 970
},
"year_from": null,
"year_to": null,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "“With the spread of Buddhist karma and retribution, moreover, the sinner was also believed to undergo massive tortures in the underworld prisons and be reborn various unpleasant circumstances, such as a worm, a snake, a vulture, or the like.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PG935ZIK\">[Kohn 2009, p. 100]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 466,
"polity": {
"id": 87,
"name": "in_mauryan_emp",
"long_name": "Magadha - Maurya Empire",
"start_year": -324,
"end_year": -187
},
"year_from": -297,
"year_to": -187,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "present",
"comment": "After Ashoka's conversion to Buddhism. “Indeed, karma is the principle on which most moralizing supernatural punishment and reward (MSP) in Buddhism is based. According to doctrine, intentional actions plant a “seed” that bears their moral valence. At some future time, whether in this life or the following one or more reincarnations, this seed bears karmic “fruit,” bringing about outcomes that are good or bad to the extent the action was good or bad.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/76FKAHS3\">[Stanford_et_al 2024, p. 106]</a>",
"description": ""
},
{
"id": 467,
"polity": {
"id": 87,
"name": "in_mauryan_emp",
"long_name": "Magadha - Maurya Empire",
"start_year": -324,
"end_year": -187
},
"year_from": -324,
"year_to": -298,
"tag": "TRS",
"is_disputed": false,
"is_uncertain": false,
"name": "Moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife",
"coded_value": "absent",
"comment": "\"According to the Atharva Veda (19.3), the souls of those guilty of hurting a Brahmin are sent to the narakaloka (Hell). In later Vedic texts, those guilty of ritual transgressions, such as breaking taboos or failing to perform rituals correctly, were deemed to deserve eternal punishment. For example, in the Jaiminīya and Samantha Brāhmaṇas (1.42–4 and 11.6.1, respectively), Hell is reserved for those who cut wood or eat animals or plants without performing the correct sacrifices, while the Kauṣītaki Brāhmaṇa (11.3) states that those who do not perform the correct ritual before eating an animal can expect the same animal to take its revenge on them in the afterlife (Obeyesekere 1980, 156–8).\" <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UXVR689F\">[Cioni_et_al 2025, pp. 184-185]</a>",
"description": ""
}
]
}