Human Sacrifice List
A viewset for viewing and editing Human Sacrifices.
GET /api/rt/human-sacrifices/?format=api&page=3
{ "count": 357, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/rt/human-sacrifices/?format=api&page=4", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/rt/human-sacrifices/?format=api&page=2", "results": [ { "id": 154, "polity": { "id": 166, "name": "tr_phrygian_k", "long_name": "Phrygian Kingdom", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -695 }, "year_from": -900, "year_to": -696, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "No archaeological evidence for HS has been found. Over 200 tumuli containing wealthy burials have been excavated at Gordion <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"/core/citations/2b594765-dd45-43c7-9aad-cd4d32083828/update/\">(NOZOTERO: Liebhart, Richard F. 2012. “Phrygian Tomb...)</a> ;the absence of signs of retainer sacrifice from the tombs of the Phrygian elite suggests that it was not practiced.", "description": "" }, { "id": 155, "polity": { "id": 168, "name": "tr_lydia_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Lydia", "start_year": -670, "end_year": -546 }, "year_from": -670, "year_to": -547, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "U", "comment": "No known examples of HS. However, many Lydian burials have been looted, so much information has been lost <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/BVFXQ6RL\">[Özgen_Cahill 2010]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IQ5VWNZN\">[Baughn_Cahill 2010]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 156, "polity": { "id": 169, "name": "tr_lysimachus_k", "long_name": "Lysimachus Kingdom", "start_year": -323, "end_year": -281 }, "year_from": -300, "year_to": -282, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "HS was not practiced within Hellenistic cultures ( Jennifer Larson, pers. comm. to Enrico Cioni, 2016).", "description": "" }, { "id": 157, "polity": { "id": 170, "name": "tr_cappadocia_2", "long_name": "Late Cappadocia", "start_year": -330, "end_year": 16 }, "year_from": -129, "year_to": -95, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "HS was not practiced within Hellenistic cultures ( Jennifer Larson, pers. comm. to Enrico Cioni, 2016).", "description": "" }, { "id": 158, "polity": { "id": 171, "name": "tr_rum_sultanate", "long_name": "Rum Sultanate", "start_year": 1077, "end_year": 1307 }, "year_from": 1093, "year_to": 1243, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "Islam strongly proscribes HS. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4FFR7BN9\">[Sherwood 2004, pp. 831-832]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JLKJGGQW\">[Watts_Eberhart 2011]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 159, "polity": { "id": 172, "name": "ir_il_khanate", "long_name": "Ilkhanate", "start_year": 1256, "end_year": 1339 }, "year_from": 1263, "year_to": 1326, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "P", "comment": "Mongol funeral customs sometimes involved HS on the deaths of members of the elite. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K9796MI7\">[Roux 1963, p. 117]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/SFZTPLD2\">[Waghmar_Reddish 2021]</a> The Persian historian Vassaf claimed that the first Ilkhanate khan, Hülegü, went to the grave accompanied by several young women, who were “made his bed-fellows.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZHAIQ8WM\">[Boyle 1974, p. 8]</a> This appears to be a reference to funerary HS as documented for other Mongol rulers.", "description": "" }, { "id": 161, "polity": { "id": 173, "name": "tr_ottoman_emirate", "long_name": "Ottoman Emirate", "start_year": 1299, "end_year": 1402 }, "year_from": 1393, "year_to": 1402, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "Islam strongly proscribes HS. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4FFR7BN9\">[Sherwood 2004, pp. 831-832]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JLKJGGQW\">[Watts_Eberhart 2011]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 162, "polity": { "id": 174, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_1", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire I", "start_year": 1402, "end_year": 1517 }, "year_from": 1421, "year_to": 1516, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "Islam strongly proscribes HS. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4FFR7BN9\">[Sherwood 2004, pp. 831-832]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JLKJGGQW\">[Watts_Eberhart 2011]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 164, "polity": { "id": 177, "name": "tr_ottoman_emp_4", "long_name": "Ottoman Empire IV", "start_year": 1839, "end_year": 1922 }, "year_from": 1873, "year_to": 1919, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "Islam strongly proscribes HS <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4FFR7BN9\">[Sherwood 2004, pp. 831-832]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JLKJGGQW\">[Watts_Eberhart 2011]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 165, "polity": { "id": 485, "name": "ir_susiana_pre_ceramic", "long_name": "Pre-Ceramic Period", "start_year": -7800, "end_year": -7200 }, "year_from": -7800, "year_to": -7201, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "U", "comment": "No evidence for HS has come to light, but for much of these periods in south-western Iran, the archaeological record is patchy.", "description": "" }, { "id": 166, "polity": { "id": 486, "name": "ir_susiana_formative", "long_name": "Formative Period", "start_year": -7200, "end_year": -7000 }, "year_from": -7200, "year_to": -7001, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "U", "comment": "No evidence for HS has come to light, but for much of these periods in south-western Iran, the archaeological record is patchy.", "description": "" }, { "id": 167, "polity": { "id": 487, "name": "ir_susiana_archaic", "long_name": "Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -6000 }, "year_from": -7000, "year_to": -6001, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "U", "comment": "No evidence for HS has come to light, but for much of these periods in south-western Iran, the archaeological record is patchy.", "description": "" }, { "id": 168, "polity": { "id": 488, "name": "ir_susiana_a", "long_name": "Susiana A", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -5700 }, "year_from": -6000, "year_to": -5701, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "U", "comment": "No evidence for HS has come to light, but for much of these periods in south-western Iran, the archaeological record is patchy.", "description": "" }, { "id": 169, "polity": { "id": 489, "name": "ir_susiana_b", "long_name": "Susiana B", "start_year": -5700, "end_year": -5100 }, "year_from": -5700, "year_to": -5101, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "U", "comment": "No evidence for HS has come to light, but for much of these periods in south-western Iran, the archaeological record is patchy.", "description": "" }, { "id": 170, "polity": { "id": 490, "name": "ir_susiana_ubaid_1", "long_name": "Susiana - Early Ubaid", "start_year": -5100, "end_year": -4700 }, "year_from": -5100, "year_to": -4701, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "U", "comment": "No evidence for HS has come to light, but for much of these periods in south-western Iran, the archaeological record is patchy.", "description": "" }, { "id": 171, "polity": { "id": 491, "name": "ir_susiana_ubaid_2", "long_name": "Susiana - Late Ubaid", "start_year": -4700, "end_year": -4300 }, "year_from": -4700, "year_to": -4301, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "U", "comment": "No evidence for HS has come to light, but for much of these periods in south-western Iran, the archaeological record is patchy.", "description": "" }, { "id": 172, "polity": { "id": 492, "name": "ir_susa_1", "long_name": "Susa I", "start_year": -4300, "end_year": -3800 }, "year_from": -4300, "year_to": -3801, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "U", "comment": "No evidence for HS has come to light, but for much of these periods in south-western Iran, the archaeological record is patchy.", "description": "" }, { "id": 173, "polity": { "id": 493, "name": "ir_susa_2", "long_name": "Susa II", "start_year": -3800, "end_year": -3100 }, "year_from": -3800, "year_to": -3101, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "U", "comment": "No evidence for HS has come to light, but for much of these periods in south-western Iran, the archaeological record is patchy.", "description": "" }, { "id": 174, "polity": { "id": 494, "name": "ir_susa_3", "long_name": "Susa III", "start_year": -3100, "end_year": -2675 }, "year_from": -3100, "year_to": -2676, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "There was a long tradition of making regular offerings to the gods in Elam, e.g. of food, drink and livestock <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3R3FJH2P\">[Henkelman 2008, pp. 299-303]</a> We have no indication that human victims were offered (Julye Bidmead, pers. comm. to Agathe Dupeyron, March 2017; Wouter Henkelman, pers. comm. to Jenny Reddish, October 2016). Yasmina Wicks does not know of any clear evidence for HS from the Susiana plain between the Chalcolithic and Iron Age. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TALZW3W5\">[Wicks_Reddish 2023]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 175, "polity": { "id": 495, "name": "ir_elam_1", "long_name": "Elam - Awan Dynasty I", "start_year": -2675, "end_year": -2100 }, "year_from": -2675, "year_to": -2251, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "There was a long tradition of making regular offerings to the gods in Elam, e.g. of food, drink and livestock <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3R3FJH2P\">[Henkelman 2008, pp. 299-303]</a> We have no indication that human victims were offered (Julye Bidmead, pers. comm. to Agathe Dupeyron, March 2017; Wouter Henkelman, pers. comm. to Jenny Reddish, October 2016). Yasmina Wicks does not know of any clear evidence for HS from the Susiana plain between the Chalcolithic and Iron Age. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TALZW3W5\">[Wicks_Reddish 2023]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 177, "polity": { "id": 477, "name": "iq_ur_dyn_3", "long_name": "Ur - Dynasty III", "start_year": -2112, "end_year": -2004 }, "year_from": -2112, "year_to": -2029, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "P", "comment": "Retainer HS was practiced on a large scale at Ur during Early Dynastic times (mid-third millennium BCE), and seems to have continued into this period <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MFY4TCGX\">[Moorey 1984, pp. 12-13]</a> There is evidence for funerary HS at the mausoleum of King Shulgi and his son Amarsin <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/L68HIRZ7\">[Sharlach 2017, pp. 182-186]</a> Shulgi was interred with as many as seven other bodies, and Amarsin’s tomb held at least five other individuals (four female, one of indeterminate sex), whose remains show evidence of burning <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/L68HIRZ7\">[Sharlach 2017, pp. 183-186]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 178, "polity": { "id": 496, "name": "ir_elam_2", "long_name": "Elam - Shimashki Period", "start_year": -2028, "end_year": -1940 }, "year_from": -2028, "year_to": -1940, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "There was a long tradition of making regular offerings to the gods in Elam, e.g. of food, drink and livestock. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3R3FJH2P\">[Henkelman 2008, pp. 299-303]</a> We have no indication that human victims were offered. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZF8Y6CB4\">[Bidmead_Dupeyron 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MALFYKRC\">[Henkelman_Levine 2017]</a> Yasmina Wicks does not know of any clear evidence for HS from the Susiana plain between the Chalcolithic and Iron Age. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TALZW3W5\">[Wicks_Reddish 2023]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 179, "polity": { "id": 497, "name": "ir_elam_3", "long_name": "Elam - Early Sukkalmah", "start_year": -1900, "end_year": -1701 }, "year_from": -1900, "year_to": -1701, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "There was a long tradition of making regular offerings to the gods in Elam, e.g. of food, drink and livestock. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3R3FJH2P\">[Henkelman 2008, pp. 299-303]</a> We have no indication that human victims were offered. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZF8Y6CB4\">[Bidmead_Dupeyron 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MALFYKRC\">[Henkelman_Levine 2017]</a> Yasmina Wicks does not know of any clear evidence for HS from the Susiana plain between the Chalcolithic and Iron Age. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TALZW3W5\">[Wicks_Reddish 2023]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 180, "polity": { "id": 498, "name": "ir_elam_4", "long_name": "Elam - Late Sukkalmah", "start_year": -1700, "end_year": -1500 }, "year_from": -1700, "year_to": -1501, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "There was a long tradition of making regular offerings to the gods in Elam, e.g. of food, drink and livestock. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3R3FJH2P\">[Henkelman 2008, pp. 299-303]</a> We have no indication that human victims were offered. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZF8Y6CB4\">[Bidmead_Dupeyron 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MALFYKRC\">[Henkelman_Levine 2017]</a> Yasmina Wicks does not know of any clear evidence for HS from the Susiana plain between the Chalcolithic and Iron Age. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TALZW3W5\">[Wicks_Reddish 2023]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 181, "polity": { "id": 499, "name": "ir_elam_5", "long_name": "Elam - Kidinuid Period", "start_year": -1500, "end_year": -1400 }, "year_from": -1500, "year_to": -1401, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "There was a long tradition of making regular offerings to the gods in Elam, e.g. of food, drink and livestock. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3R3FJH2P\">[Henkelman 2008, pp. 299-303]</a> We have no indication that human victims were offered. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZF8Y6CB4\">[Bidmead_Dupeyron 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MALFYKRC\">[Henkelman_Levine 2017]</a> Yasmina Wicks does not know of any clear evidence for HS from the Susiana plain between the Chalcolithic and Iron Age. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TALZW3W5\">[Wicks_Reddish 2023]</a> E. O. Nigahban interpreted a Middle Elamite tomb at Haft Tepe as the resting place of King Tepti-Ahar (r. fifteenth century BCE), and the haphazardly disposed additional burials as possible sacrificial victims. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/II4XWIH5\">[Nigāhbān 1991, p. 21]</a> However, this is dismissed as speculation by Potts, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/S6GDFAI8\">[Potts 1999, p. 199]</a> and a more recent excavator, Mofidi-Nasrabadi rejects the identification of the tomb complex as Tepti-Ahar’s. He notes that it was poor in terms of grave goods, and believes it was “a typical tomb for an extended family, used several times for different family members”. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/DKLENMFL\">[Mofidi-Nasrabadi 2021, p. 3]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 182, "polity": { "id": 500, "name": "ir_elam_6", "long_name": "Elam - Igihalkid Period", "start_year": -1399, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": -1399, "year_to": -1200, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "There was a long tradition of making regular offerings to the gods in Elam, e.g. of food, drink and livestock <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3R3FJH2P\">[Henkelman 2008, pp. 299-303]</a> We have no indication that human victims were offered. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZF8Y6CB4\">[Bidmead_Dupeyron 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MALFYKRC\">[Henkelman_Levine 2017]</a> Yasmina Wicks does not know of any clear evidence for HS from the Susiana plain between the Chalcolithic and Iron Age. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TALZW3W5\">[Wicks_Reddish 2023]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 183, "polity": { "id": 501, "name": "ir_elam_7", "long_name": "Elam - Shutrukid Period", "start_year": -1199, "end_year": -1100 }, "year_from": -1199, "year_to": -1100, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "There was a long tradition of making regular offerings to the gods in Elam, e.g. of food, drink and livestock <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3R3FJH2P\">[Henkelman 2008, pp. 299-303]</a> We have no indication that human victims were offered. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZF8Y6CB4\">[Bidmead_Dupeyron 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MALFYKRC\">[Henkelman_Levine 2017]</a> Yasmina Wicks does not know of any clear evidence for HS from the Susiana plain between the Chalcolithic and Iron Age. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TALZW3W5\">[Wicks_Reddish 2023]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 184, "polity": { "id": 502, "name": "ir_elam_8", "long_name": "Elam - Crisis Period", "start_year": -1100, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": -1100, "year_to": -901, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "There was a long tradition of making regular offerings to the gods in Elam, e.g. of food, drink and livestock <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3R3FJH2P\">[Henkelman 2008, pp. 299-303]</a> We have no indication that human victims were offered. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZF8Y6CB4\">[Bidmead_Dupeyron 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MALFYKRC\">[Henkelman_Levine 2017]</a> Yasmina Wicks does not know of any clear evidence for HS from the Susiana plain between the Chalcolithic and Iron Age. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TALZW3W5\">[Wicks_Reddish 2023]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 185, "polity": { "id": 503, "name": "ir_neo_elam_1", "long_name": "Elam I", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -744 }, "year_from": -900, "year_to": -744, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "There was a long tradition of making regular offerings to the gods in Elam, e.g. of food, drink and livestock <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3R3FJH2P\">[Henkelman 2008, pp. 299-303]</a> We have no indication that human victims were offered. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZF8Y6CB4\">[Bidmead_Dupeyron 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MALFYKRC\">[Henkelman_Levine 2017]</a> Yasmina Wicks does not know of any clear evidence for HS from the Susiana plain between the Chalcolithic and Iron Age <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TALZW3W5\">[Wicks_Reddish 2023]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 186, "polity": { "id": 504, "name": "ir_neo_elam_2", "long_name": "Elam II", "start_year": -743, "end_year": -647 }, "year_from": -743, "year_to": -647, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "There was a long tradition of making regular offerings to the gods in Elam, e.g. of food, drink and livestock <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3R3FJH2P\">[Henkelman 2008, pp. 299-303]</a> We have no indication that human victims were offered. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZF8Y6CB4\">[Bidmead_Dupeyron 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MALFYKRC\">[Henkelman_Levine 2017]</a> Yasmina Wicks does not know of any clear evidence for HS from the Susiana plain between the Chalcolithic and Iron Age. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TALZW3W5\">[Wicks_Reddish 2023]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 187, "polity": { "id": 505, "name": "ir_neo_elam_3", "long_name": "Elam III", "start_year": -612, "end_year": -539 }, "year_from": -612, "year_to": -540, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "There was a long tradition of making regular offerings to the gods in Elam, e.g. of food, drink and livestock <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3R3FJH2P\">[Henkelman 2008, pp. 299-303]</a> We have no indication that human victims were offered. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZF8Y6CB4\">[Bidmead_Dupeyron 2017]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MALFYKRC\">[Henkelman_Levine 2017]</a> Yasmina Wicks does not know of any clear evidence for HS from the Susiana plain between the Chalcolithic and Iron Age <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TALZW3W5\">[Wicks_Reddish 2023]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 188, "polity": { "id": 125, "name": "ir_parthian_emp_1", "long_name": "Parthian Empire I", "start_year": -247, "end_year": 40 }, "year_from": -143, "year_to": 24, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "HS “profoundly at odds with Zoroastrian morality” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/F5C6ZW8B\">[Boyce 1983]</a> Herodotus’ reference to human sacrifice among Persians <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"/core/citations/037546cc-6de8-4865-b665-72fb2ac03ae4/update/\">(NOZOTERO: Herodotus, The Histories)</a> comes from an earlier period.", "description": "" }, { "id": 190, "polity": { "id": 507, "name": "ir_elymais_2", "long_name": "Elymais II", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 215 }, "year_from": 25, "year_to": 215, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "Elymais was a kingdom centred on Susa, politically autonomous at some times and subject to Parthian control at others. Some Elamite religious traditions likely survived, in syncretisation with Mesopotamian and Hellenistic cultural forms <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/C2GQDMMV\">[Hansman 1998]</a> There is very little evidence for HS in Elamite culture, the only exception being possible funerary sacrifice in the Middle Elamite period (see above). HS was not practiced within Hellenistic cultures ( Jennifer Larson, pers. comm. to Enrico Cioni, 2016). We have inferred HS absent.", "description": "" }, { "id": 191, "polity": { "id": 128, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_1", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire I", "start_year": 205, "end_year": 487 }, "year_from": 205, "year_to": 487, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "HS “profoundly at odds with Zoroastrian morality” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/F5C6ZW8B\">[Boyce 1983]</a> Herodotus’ reference to human sacrifice among Persians comes from an earlier period.", "description": "" }, { "id": 194, "polity": { "id": 130, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_2", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire II", "start_year": 488, "end_year": 642 }, "year_from": 499, "year_to": 642, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "HS “profoundly at odds with Zoroastrian morality” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/F5C6ZW8B\">[Boyce 1983]</a> Herodotus’ reference to human sacrifice among Persians comes from an earlier period.", "description": "" }, { "id": 196, "polity": { "id": 362, "name": "ir_buyid_confederation", "long_name": "Buyid Confederation", "start_year": 932, "end_year": 1062 }, "year_from": 947, "year_to": 1055, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "Islam strongly proscribes HS <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4FFR7BN9\">[Sherwood 2004, pp. 831-832]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JLKJGGQW\">[Watts_Eberhart 2011]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 198, "polity": { "id": 364, "name": "ir_seljuk_sultanate", "long_name": "Seljuk Sultanate", "start_year": 1037, "end_year": 1157 }, "year_from": 1090, "year_to": 1157, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "Islam strongly proscribes HS <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4FFR7BN9\">[Sherwood 2004, pp. 831-832]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JLKJGGQW\">[Watts_Eberhart 2011]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 199, "polity": { "id": 484, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_2", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate II", "start_year": 1191, "end_year": 1258 }, "year_from": 1191, "year_to": 1207, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "Islam strongly proscribes HS <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4FFR7BN9\">[Sherwood 2004, pp. 831-832]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JLKJGGQW\">[Watts_Eberhart 2011]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 201, "polity": { "id": 370, "name": "uz_timurid_emp", "long_name": "Timurid Empire", "start_year": 1370, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": 1370, "year_to": 1526, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "Islam strongly proscribes HS <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4FFR7BN9\">[Sherwood 2004, pp. 831-832]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JLKJGGQW\">[Watts_Eberhart 2011]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 202, "polity": { "id": 508, "name": "ir_ak_koyunlu", "long_name": "Ak Koyunlu", "start_year": 1339, "end_year": 1501 }, "year_from": 1339, "year_to": 1501, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "Islam strongly proscribes HS <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4FFR7BN9\">[Sherwood 2004, pp. 831-832]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JLKJGGQW\">[Watts_Eberhart 2011]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 203, "polity": { "id": 374, "name": "ir_safavid_emp", "long_name": "Safavid Empire", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1722 }, "year_from": 1505, "year_to": 1722, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "Islam strongly proscribes HS <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4FFR7BN9\">[Sherwood 2004, pp. 831-832]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JLKJGGQW\">[Watts_Eberhart 2011]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 204, "polity": { "id": 509, "name": "ir_qajar_dyn", "long_name": "Qajar Dynasty", "start_year": 1794, "end_year": 1925 }, "year_from": 1794, "year_to": 1925, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "Islam strongly proscribes HS <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4FFR7BN9\">[Sherwood 2004, pp. 831-832]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JLKJGGQW\">[Watts_Eberhart 2011]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 205, "polity": { "id": 541, "name": "ye_qasimid_dyn", "long_name": "Yemen - Qasimid Dynasty", "start_year": 1637, "end_year": 1805 }, "year_from": 1637, "year_to": 1805, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "Islam strongly proscribes HS <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4FFR7BN9\">[Sherwood 2004, pp. 831-832]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JLKJGGQW\">[Watts_Eberhart 2011]</a> , and there is no evidence that it was practiced in the Yemeni Coastal Plain during the Islamic period <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JSEHLC9K\">[Korotayev_Turchin 2021]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 206, "polity": { "id": 118, "name": "pk_kachi_lnl", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Ceramic Neolithic", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -4000 }, "year_from": -5500, "year_to": -4001, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "U", "comment": "It is unknown whether HS was practiced on the Kachi Plain in these periods (Alessandro Ceccarelli, pers. comm. to Enrico Cioni, June 2017).", "description": "" }, { "id": 207, "polity": { "id": 119, "name": "pk_kachi_ca", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Chalcolithic", "start_year": -4000, "end_year": -3200 }, "year_from": -4000, "year_to": -3201, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "U", "comment": "It is unknown whether HS was practiced on the Kachi Plain in these periods (Alessandro Ceccarelli, pers. comm. to Enrico Cioni, June 2017).", "description": "" }, { "id": 208, "polity": { "id": 120, "name": "pk_kachi_pre_urban", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Pre-Urban Period", "start_year": -3200, "end_year": -2500 }, "year_from": -3200, "year_to": -2501, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "U", "comment": "It is unknown whether HS was practiced on the Kachi Plain in these periods (Alessandro Ceccarelli, pers. comm. to Enrico Cioni, June 2017).", "description": "" }, { "id": 209, "polity": { "id": 121, "name": "pk_kachi_urban_1", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Urban Period I", "start_year": -2500, "end_year": -2100 }, "year_from": -2500, "year_to": -2101, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "None of the most comprehensive sources on Harappan ritual <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FR4VFLQX\">[Miller 1985]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ECYJWB9X\">[Possehl 2002]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TQJ2CDW6\">[McIntosh 2008]</a> advance either archaeological or iconographic evidence for this practice. The only possible exception is a Mohenjo-daro seal that may or may not depict a figure offering a severed human head to another figure, but there are many other possible explanations for this image <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TQJ2CDW6\">[McIntosh 2008, pp. 287-288]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 210, "polity": { "id": 122, "name": "pk_kachi_urban_2", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Urban Period II", "start_year": -2100, "end_year": -1800 }, "year_from": -2100, "year_to": -1801, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "A", "comment": "None of the most comprehensive sources on Harappan ritual <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/FR4VFLQX\">[Miller 1985]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ECYJWB9X\">[Possehl 2002]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TQJ2CDW6\">[McIntosh 2008]</a> advance either archaeological or iconographic evidence for this practice. The only possible exception is a Mohenjo-daro seal that may or may not depict a figure offering a severed human head to another figure, but there are many other possible explanations for this image <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TQJ2CDW6\">[McIntosh 2008, pp. 287-288]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 211, "polity": { "id": 123, "name": "pk_kachi_post_urban", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Post-Urban Period", "start_year": -1800, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": -1800, "year_to": -1301, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "U", "comment": "It is unknown whether HS was practiced on the Kachi Plain in these periods (Alessandro Ceccarelli, pers. comm. to Enrico Cioni, June 2017).", "description": "" }, { "id": 212, "polity": { "id": 124, "name": "pk_kachi_proto_historic", "long_name": "Kachi Plain - Proto-Historic Period", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": -1300, "year_to": -551, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "human_sacrifice", "human_sacrifice": "U", "comment": "It is unknown whether HS was practiced on the Kachi Plain in these periods (Alessandro Ceccarelli, pers. comm. to Enrico Cioni, June 2017).", "description": "" } ] }