Polity Suprapolity Relations List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Suprapolity Relations.
GET /api/general/polity-suprapolities/?format=api&page=8
{ "count": 382, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-suprapolities/?format=api&page=7", "results": [ { "id": 392, "polity": { "id": 801, "name": "de_hohenzollern_1", "long_name": "Electorate of Brandenburg", "start_year": 1415, "end_year": 1618 }, "year_from": 1415, "year_to": 1453, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "vassalage", "other_polity": { "id": 800, "name": "de_empire_3", "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Fragmented Period", "start_year": 1255, "end_year": 1453 }, "comment": "Margraviate (Electorate) of Brandenburg was one of the prince-electorates within the Holy Roman Empire. Formally, this meant that Brandenburg was an imperial fief and that its ruler owed fealty (homage) to the Emperor. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/TBJ2MH6T\">[Schultze 1989]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 393, "polity": { "id": 326, "name": "it_sicily_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Sicily - Hohenstaufen and Angevin dynasties", "start_year": 1194, "end_year": 1281 }, "year_from": 1194, "year_to": 1197, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "personal union", "other_polity": { "id": 799, "name": "de_empire_2", "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Hohenstaufen and Welf Dynasties", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1254 }, "comment": null, "description": "Henry VI ascended to the throne of Sicily following the death of William II, the last Norman king without a direct heir, and after defeating the rival claimants who were supported by the local nobility and external forces including the Byzantine Empire.\r\nHenry VI was crowned King of Sicily at Palermo in 1194, adding the kingdom to his territories which already included the German and Italian lands under the Holy Roman Empire.§REF§Deutsche Biographie, “Heinrich VI. - Deutsche Biographie,”<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/N3KBRKCS\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: N3KBRKCS</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 394, "polity": { "id": 799, "name": "de_empire_2", "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Hohenstaufen and Welf Dynasties", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1254 }, "year_from": 1215, "year_to": 1250, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "personal union", "other_polity": { "id": 326, "name": "it_sicily_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Sicily - Hohenstaufen and Angevin dynasties", "start_year": 1194, "end_year": 1281 }, "comment": null, "description": "Frederick II was crowned as King of the Romans on 25 July 1215, in Aachen, marking the end of the German throne dispute. Frederick II ascended to the throne of Sicily as a child following his mother's death in 1198. His early years were marked by regencies until he came of age.§REF§Olaf B. Rader, Friedrich II: Der Sizilianer Auf Dem Kaiserthron: Eine Biographie (München: Beck, 2010).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9YCFRHDU\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 9YCFRHDU</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 395, "polity": { "id": 330, "name": "pl_teutonic_order", "long_name": "State of the Teutonic Order", "start_year": 1300, "end_year": 1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "nominal allegiance", "other_polity": { "id": 800, "name": "de_empire_3", "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Fragmented Period", "start_year": 1255, "end_year": 1453 }, "comment": "In legal-feudal terms, the Order recognized the Emperor as its feudal overlord; however, practical control from the Empire over the Order’s Baltic territories was minimal. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/QW4M9YTP\">[Sarnowsky 2022]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 396, "polity": { "id": 868, "name": "sv_swedish_k_1", "long_name": "Kingdom of Sweden I", "start_year": 980, "end_year": 1396 }, "year_from": 1319, "year_to": 1355, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "personal union", "other_polity": { "id": 116, "name": "no_norway_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Norway II", "start_year": 1262, "end_year": 1396 }, "comment": null, "description": "Magnus IV of Sweden ruled the Kingdom of Norway in personal union from 1319 – 1355. §REF§“Magnus II Eriksson | Facts, Biography, & King of Sweden | Britannica.”<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/7HUNVFB4\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 7HUNVFB4</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 397, "polity": { "id": 116, "name": "no_norway_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Norway II", "start_year": 1262, "end_year": 1396 }, "year_from": 1362, "year_to": 1364, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "personal union", "other_polity": { "id": 868, "name": "sv_swedish_k_1", "long_name": "Kingdom of Sweden I", "start_year": 980, "end_year": 1396 }, "comment": null, "description": "Haakon VI King of Norway ruled the Kingdom of Sweden in personal union from 1362–1364.§REF§Haakon VI Magnusson | Norwegian Royalty, Scandinavian Union, Kalmar Union | Britannica. <a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/PHXQI334\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: PHXQI334</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 398, "polity": { "id": 873, "name": "dk_danish_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Denmark - Medieval", "start_year": 936, "end_year": 1396 }, "year_from": 1388, "year_to": 1396, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "personal union", "other_polity": { "id": 116, "name": "no_norway_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Norway II", "start_year": 1262, "end_year": 1396 }, "comment": null, "description": "Margaret I of Denmark ruled the Kingdom of Norway with Eric of Pomerania as co ruler in personal union from 1388 –1412.§REF§“Margareta - Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon.”<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VWK9C5EG\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: VWK9C5EG</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 399, "polity": { "id": 873, "name": "dk_danish_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Denmark - Medieval", "start_year": 936, "end_year": 1396 }, "year_from": 1389, "year_to": 1396, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "personal union", "other_polity": { "id": 868, "name": "sv_swedish_k_1", "long_name": "Kingdom of Sweden I", "start_year": 980, "end_year": 1396 }, "comment": null, "description": "Margaret I of Denmark ruled the Kingdom of Sweden with Eric of Pomerania as co ruler in personal union from 1389 –1412.§REF§“Margareta - Svenskt Biografiskt Lexikon.”<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/VWK9C5EG\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: VWK9C5EG</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 400, "polity": { "id": 873, "name": "dk_danish_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Denmark - Medieval", "start_year": 936, "end_year": 1396 }, "year_from": 1380, "year_to": 1385, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "personal union", "other_polity": { "id": 116, "name": "no_norway_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Norway II", "start_year": 1262, "end_year": 1396 }, "comment": null, "description": "In 1380, Olaf II inherited the Norwegian throne from his father, King Haakon VI, while already being King of Denmark, thus creating a personal union between Denmark and Norway. After Olaf's death in 1387, Margaret I ruled both kingdoms, continuing the union.§REF§Esben Albrectsen, ed., Danmark-Norge. 1: Fællesskabet bliver til / af Esben Albrectsen (Oslo: Univ.Forl, 1997).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/M2X6XWB5\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: M2X6XWB5</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 401, "polity": { "id": 809, "name": "pl_piast_dyn_2", "long_name": "Polish Kingdom - Piast Dynasty Fragmented Period", "start_year": 1139, "end_year": 1382 }, "year_from": 1370, "year_to": 1382, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "personal union", "other_polity": { "id": 811, "name": "hu_later_dyn", "long_name": "Hungary Kingdom - Anjou and Later Dynasties", "start_year": 1302, "end_year": 1526 }, "comment": null, "description": "Louis I of Hungary, also known as Louis the Great was also crowned king of Poland in 1370 and ruled the kingdom in personal union until his death in 1382.§REF§Pál Engel, The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526 (London ; New York, NY: I.B. Tauris, 2005).<a href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9BBKM3AR\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"fw-bolder\"> <b> Zotero link: 9BBKM3AR</b></a>§REF§" }, { "id": 402, "polity": { "id": 144, "name": "jp_yayoi", "long_name": "Kansai - Yayoi Period", "start_year": -300, "end_year": 250 }, "year_from": 238, "year_to": 247, "tag": "IFR", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "nominal allegiance", "other_polity": { "id": 547, "name": "cn_wei_k", "long_name": "Wei Kingdom", "start_year": 220, "end_year": 265 }, "comment": null, "description": "Possible nominal allegiance to China? From the chinese dynastic histories <i>Houhanshu</i> and <i>Weizhi</i> it is known that people from western Japan sent envoys to the Han Dynasty court probably through the Lelang commandery in Korea in 57 and 107 CE. Also, between 238 and 247 BC four envoys were sent from western Japan to Taifang for submitting tribute, which consisted of cloths, jade, pearls, bows and arrows, cinnabar, and slaves. They returned with several gifts from the court: silk, gold, swords, bronze mirrors, read beads. §REF§Barnes, G. L., 1993. China, Korea and Japan. The Rise of Civilization in East Asia. London: Thames and Hudson Ltd, 218.§REF§.<br>" }, { "id": 404, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "alliance", "other_polity": { "id": 188, "name": "it_st_peter_rep_1", "long_name": "Republic of St Peter I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 904 }, "comment": "William I secured papal support for his invasion of England (1066) through a temporary alliance, symbolized by the papal banner carried at Hastings. Later tensions (e.g., Investiture Controversy under Henry I) eroded this cooperation. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NHUVJT5Z\">[Huscroft 2015, pp. 75-80]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 405, "polity": { "id": 862, "name": "fr_aquitania_duc_2", "long_name": "Duchy of Aquitaine II", "start_year": 893, "end_year": 1137 }, "year_from": 987, "year_to": 1137, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "nominal allegiance", "other_polity": { "id": 457, "name": "fr_capetian_k_1", "long_name": "Proto-French Kingdom", "start_year": 987, "end_year": 1150 }, "comment": "The Duchy of Aquitaine was nominally part of the French kingdom starting in the early 10th century. This association became more formalized when the dukes of Aquitaine also became kings of France.Duke William V (also known as William the Great) ruled Aquitaine from 995 to 1030 and was closely allied with the French crown, though the region retained a great deal of autonomy. When Louis VI died, and Eleanor's new husband became King Louis VII, the duchy of Aquitaine officially came under the rule of the French Crown, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/EG56T85G\">[Bradbury 2007]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 406, "polity": { "id": 296, "name": "uz_chagatai_khanate", "long_name": "Chagatai Khanate", "start_year": 1227, "end_year": 1402 }, "year_from": 1227, "year_to": 1266, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "vassalage", "other_polity": { "id": 267, "name": "mn_mongol_emp", "long_name": "Mongol Empire", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1270 }, "comment": "When Genghis Khan died in 1227, his son Chagatai Khan inherited the regions roughly corresponding to the defunct Qara Khitai Empire: Issyk-Kul, Ili River, Chu River, Talas River, Transoxania, and the Tarim Basin. Chagatai was not fully independent in his khanate however and still received orders from Karakorum. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3SV5Q686\">[Grousset 2002]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 407, "polity": { "id": 426, "name": "cn_southern_song_dyn", "long_name": "Southern Song", "start_year": 1127, "end_year": 1279 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "nominal allegiance", "other_polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "comment": "The Southern Song acknowledged Jin supremacy, paid annual tribute, and addressed the Jin emperor as \"uncle,\" but retained full internal autonomy. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/IPQKQJRV\">[Elliott 1996, p. 221]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 408, "polity": { "id": 291, "name": "cn_xixia", "long_name": "Xixia", "start_year": 1032, "end_year": 1227 }, "year_from": 1038, "year_to": 1227, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "vassalage", "other_polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "comment": "After the Jin defeated the Liao, Western Xia submitted as a vassal, providing military support and tribute while retaining limited autonomy. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZFVUGEV3\">[Mote 1999, pp. 237-240]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 409, "polity": { "id": 265, "name": "kr_goryeo_k", "long_name": "Goryeo Kingdom", "start_year": 936, "end_year": 1258 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "nominal allegiance", "other_polity": { "id": 266, "name": "cn_later_great_jin", "long_name": "Jin Dynasty", "start_year": 1115, "end_year": 1234 }, "comment": "Following the Jin's rise, Goryeo shifted allegiance from the Liao to the Jin, recognizing Jin authority but remaining largely autonomous. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/K8FVFGDX\">[Yi 1984, pp. 126-128]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 410, "polity": { "id": 270, "name": "kr_joseon", "long_name": "Joseon Dynasty", "start_year": 1392, "end_year": 1567 }, "year_from": 1392, "year_to": 1567, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "nominal allegiance", "other_polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "comment": "Joseon Korea accepted Ming suzerainty through the tribute system, sending regular missions to China and adopting Ming calendars, titles, and Confucian rituals. However, Joseon retained full internal autonomy. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/UD3EA9JW\">[Robinson 2009, pp. 256-260]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 411, "polity": { "id": 269, "name": "cn_ming_dyn", "long_name": "Great Ming", "start_year": 1368, "end_year": 1644 }, "year_from": 1592, "year_to": 1598, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "alliance", "other_polity": { "id": 270, "name": "kr_joseon", "long_name": "Joseon Dynasty", "start_year": 1392, "end_year": 1567 }, "comment": "A long-term military-political alliance during the Imjin War, spanning seven years of joint campaigns against Toyotomi Hideyoshi. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/WUDSUCQN\">[Swope 2016, pp. 120-145]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 412, "polity": { "id": 369, "name": "ir_jayarid_khanate", "long_name": "Jayarid Khanate", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1393 }, "year_from": 1370, "year_to": 1393, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "nominal allegiance", "other_polity": { "id": 370, "name": "uz_timurid_emp", "long_name": "Timurid Empire", "start_year": 1370, "end_year": 1526 }, "comment": "After Timur’s conquest of Baghdad (1393), the Jalayirids accepted Timurid suzerainty and paid tribute but retained autonomy until their collapse. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NXCPM4XN\">[Manz 1999, pp. 78-82]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 413, "polity": { "id": 834, "name": "ge_georgia_k_3", "long_name": "Kingdom of Georgia III", "start_year": 1329, "end_year": 1463 }, "year_from": 1386, "year_to": 1403, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "vassalage", "other_polity": { "id": 370, "name": "uz_timurid_emp", "long_name": "Timurid Empire", "start_year": 1370, "end_year": 1526 }, "comment": "Timur’s invasions forced Georgian rulers into tributary submission, but they rebelled frequently. The relationship involved sporadic military support and tribute. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/9JVUFRXQ\">[Rayfield 2019, pp. 132-135]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 414, "polity": { "id": 835, "name": "tr_qara_qoyunlu", "long_name": "Qara Qoyunlu", "start_year": 1375, "end_year": 1468 }, "year_from": 1406, "year_to": 1467, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "vassalage", "other_polity": { "id": 370, "name": "uz_timurid_emp", "long_name": "Timurid Empire", "start_year": 1370, "end_year": 1526 }, "comment": "The Qara Qoyunlu initially acknowledged Timurid authority but later overthrew their governors, reflecting unstable vassalage <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/ZKWB47C3\">[Jackson_Lockhart 2008, pp. 167-170]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 415, "polity": { "id": 573, "name": "ru_golden_horde", "long_name": "Golden Horde", "start_year": 1240, "end_year": 1440 }, "year_from": 1370, "year_to": 1395, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "alliance", "other_polity": { "id": 370, "name": "uz_timurid_emp", "long_name": "Timurid Empire", "start_year": 1370, "end_year": 1526 }, "comment": "Timur formed a long-term military alliance with Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde to secure his northern frontier, aiding Tokhtamysh’s rise to power. The alliance collapsed after Tokhtamysh’s rebellions (1385–1395). <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4VE769BF\">[Morgan 1991, pp. 179-181]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 416, "polity": { "id": 171, "name": "tr_rum_sultanate", "long_name": "Rum Sultanate", "start_year": 1077, "end_year": 1307 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "nominal allegiance", "other_polity": { "id": 484, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_2", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate II", "start_year": 1191, "end_year": 1258 }, "comment": "The Seljuks of Rum nominally acknowledged the spiritual authority of the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad (e.g., using the caliph’s name in Friday prayers) but operated independently in political and military matters. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/37ZDZWAR\">[Peacock 2015, pp. 150-155]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 417, "polity": { "id": 171, "name": "tr_rum_sultanate", "long_name": "Rum Sultanate", "start_year": 1077, "end_year": 1307 }, "year_from": 1243, "year_to": 1307, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "vassalage", "other_polity": { "id": 172, "name": "ir_il_khanate", "long_name": "Ilkhanate", "start_year": 1256, "end_year": 1339 }, "comment": "After the Battle of Köse Dağ (1243), the Sultanate of Rum became a tributary vassal of the Mongol Ilkhanate. Mongol overlords appointed puppet sultans (e.g., Kaykhusraw III) but allowed local governance. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/NZA3CX2M\">[Cahen 1968, pp. 281-287]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 418, "polity": { "id": 265, "name": "kr_goryeo_k", "long_name": "Goryeo Kingdom", "start_year": 936, "end_year": 1258 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "vassalage", "other_polity": { "id": 268, "name": "cn_yuan_dyn", "long_name": "Great Yuan", "start_year": 1271, "end_year": 1368 }, "comment": "After prolonged Mongol invasions (1230s–1250s), Goryeo capitulated. By the time of Kublai Khan’s reign, Goryeo was effectively a vassal state, paying tribute and accepting Yuan directives. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/AHRURGTJ\">[Rossabi 2009, pp. 163-172]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 419, "polity": { "id": 573, "name": "ru_golden_horde", "long_name": "Golden Horde", "start_year": 1240, "end_year": 1440 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "nominal allegiance", "other_polity": { "id": 268, "name": "cn_yuan_dyn", "long_name": "Great Yuan", "start_year": 1271, "end_year": 1368 }, "comment": "While Kublai Khan (r. 1260–1294) claimed the title of Great Khan, other major Mongol ulus (successor states) recognized this claim largely in name but governed themselves autonomously. Over time, the Golden Horde operated as de facto independent state. They often acknowledged Yuan precedence formally yet conducted their own foreign policies and minting. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4VE769BF\">[Morgan 1991, pp. 136-157]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 420, "polity": { "id": 296, "name": "uz_chagatai_khanate", "long_name": "Chagatai Khanate", "start_year": 1227, "end_year": 1402 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "nominal allegiance", "other_polity": { "id": 268, "name": "cn_yuan_dyn", "long_name": "Great Yuan", "start_year": 1271, "end_year": 1368 }, "comment": "While Kublai Khan (r. 1260–1294) claimed the title of Great Khan, other major Mongol ulus (successor states) recognized this claim largely in name but governed themselves autonomously. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4VE769BF\">[Morgan 1991, pp. 136-157]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 421, "polity": { "id": 172, "name": "ir_il_khanate", "long_name": "Ilkhanate", "start_year": 1256, "end_year": 1339 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "nominal allegiance", "other_polity": { "id": 268, "name": "cn_yuan_dyn", "long_name": "Great Yuan", "start_year": 1271, "end_year": 1368 }, "comment": "While Kublai Khan (r. 1260–1294) claimed the title of Great Khan, other major Mongol ulus (successor states) recognized this claim largely in name but governed themselves autonomously. Over time, the Golden Horde (in the western steppe), the Chagatai Khanate (Central Asia), and the Ilkhanate (Persia) operated as de facto independent states. They often acknowledged Yuan precedence formally yet conducted their own foreign policies and minting, indicating only “nominal allegiance.” <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/4VE769BF\">[Morgan 1991, pp. 136-157]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 422, "polity": { "id": 440, "name": "mn_turk_khaganate_2", "long_name": "Second Turk Khaganate", "start_year": 682, "end_year": 744 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "alliance", "other_polity": { "id": 261, "name": "cn_tang_dyn_1", "long_name": "Tang Dynasty I", "start_year": 617, "end_year": 763 }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 423, "polity": { "id": 195, "name": "ru_sakha_late", "long_name": "Sakha - Late", "start_year": 1632, "end_year": 1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "vassalage", "other_polity": { "id": 571, "name": "ru_romanov_dyn_2", "long_name": "Russian Empire, Romanov Dynasty II", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1917 }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 424, "polity": { "id": 130, "name": "ir_sassanid_emp_2", "long_name": "Sasanid Empire II", "start_year": 488, "end_year": 642 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_suprapolity_relations", "supra_polity_relations": "alliance", "other_polity": { "id": 73, "name": "tr_byzantine_emp_1", "long_name": "Byzantine Empire I", "start_year": 632, "end_year": 866 }, "comment": null, "description": "" } ] }