Polity Relationship To Preceding Entity List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Relationships to Preceding Entities.
GET /api/general/polity-relationship-to-preceding-entities/?format=api&page=2
{ "count": 367, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-relationship-to-preceding-entities/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-relationship-to-preceding-entities/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 51, "polity": { "id": 58, "name": "fm_truk_2", "long_name": "Chuuk - Late Truk", "start_year": 1886, "end_year": 1948 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite migration", "comment": null, "description": " The Spanish sold the islands to German colonial authorities in the late 19th century. The islands were later annexed by the Japanese: 'The islands were sighted by the Spanish explorer Álvaro Saavedra in 1528. They were visited occasionally by 19th-century traders and whalers and were included in the German purchase of parts of Micronesia from Spain (1899). Annexed by Japan (1914) and strongly fortified for World War II, the islands (known as the Truk Islands until 1990) were heavily attacked, bypassed, and blockaded by the Allies during the war. The sunken hulls of Japanese ships remain there, along with ruined weapons and fortifications on land. Together with the other islands in what are now the Federated States of Micronesia, the Chuuk group was part of the U.S.-administered United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands from 1947 to 1986.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Chuuk-Islands\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Chuuk-Islands</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 448, "name": "fr_atlantic_complex", "long_name": "Atlantic Complex", "start_year": -2200, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": " \"Two major changes take place in the earlier Bronze Age to differentiate it from the preceding Bell Beaker and earlier traditions is (I) the use of bronze, primarily for weapons and ornaments; (2) the burial in single graves (i.e., noncom- munal), and in many areas under a small mound of earth; and (3) the construction of fortified settlements, particularly in central Europe.\" §REF§(Peregrine 2001, 412)§REF§" }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 447, "name": "fr_beaker_eba", "long_name": "Beaker Culture", "start_year": -3200, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": " \"Some scholars believe that the Beaker package was spread by actual immigrants or by traders in search of desired materials, while others argue that they represent an ideology and set of status symbols that were readily taken up by the emerging leaders of increasingly hierarchical communities. [...] In some regions Beaker practices were adopted wholesale and marked a sharp break with earlier traditions. In others there was some continuity: For example, final burials in some megalithic tombs contained Beaker material. Settlements belonging to the makers of Beaker pottery are elusive, and it has been suggested that they led a relatively mobile way of life, probably associated with pastoralism, though probably, like Corded Ware, Beaker material was used by communities practicing many economic strategies.\"§REF§(McIntosh 2006, 61)§REF§" }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 447, "name": "fr_beaker_eba", "long_name": "Beaker Culture", "start_year": -3200, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "population migration", "comment": null, "description": " \"Some scholars believe that the Beaker package was spread by actual immigrants or by traders in search of desired materials, while others argue that they represent an ideology and set of status symbols that were readily taken up by the emerging leaders of increasingly hierarchical communities. [...] In some regions Beaker practices were adopted wholesale and marked a sharp break with earlier traditions. In others there was some continuity: For example, final burials in some megalithic tombs contained Beaker material. Settlements belonging to the makers of Beaker pottery are elusive, and it has been suggested that they led a relatively mobile way of life, probably associated with pastoralism, though probably, like Corded Ware, Beaker material was used by communities practicing many economic strategies.\"§REF§(McIntosh 2006, 61)§REF§" }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 460, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Bourbon", "start_year": 1589, "end_year": 1660 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 461, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon", "start_year": 1660, "end_year": 1815 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 457, "name": "fr_capetian_k_1", "long_name": "Proto-French Kingdom", "start_year": 987, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 58, "polity": { "id": 458, "name": "fr_capetian_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian", "start_year": 1150, "end_year": 1328 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 59, "polity": { "id": 309, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 840 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": " New dynasty composed of a different branch of elites, but no substantial population change, and no elite migration." }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 311, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire II", "start_year": 840, "end_year": 987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 449, "name": "fr_hallstatt_a_b1", "long_name": "Hallstatt A-B1", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 450, "name": "fr_hallstatt_b2_3", "long_name": "Hallstatt B2-3", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 451, "name": "fr_hallstatt_c", "long_name": "Hallstatt C", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 452, "name": "fr_hallstatt_d", "long_name": "Hallstatt D", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -475 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 304, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Early Merovingian", "start_year": 481, "end_year": 543 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite migration", "comment": null, "description": " The start of Merovingian rule in the Paris basin: 486, when the territory was conquered from Syragrius." }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 456, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_3", "long_name": "Proto-Carolingian", "start_year": 687, "end_year": 751 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 306, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Middle Merovingian", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 453, "name": "fr_la_tene_a_b1", "long_name": "La Tene A-B1", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -325 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": " \"That there was a significant degree of continuity between the Late Hallstatt and Early La Tène social systems is evident.\" §REF§(Cunliffe 2000, 64)§REF§ also population migration?" }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 453, "name": "fr_la_tene_a_b1", "long_name": "La Tene A-B1", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -325 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "population migration", "comment": null, "description": " \"That there was a significant degree of continuity between the Late Hallstatt and Early La Tène social systems is evident.\" §REF§(Cunliffe 2000, 64)§REF§ also population migration?" }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 454, "name": "fr_la_tene_b2_c1", "long_name": "La Tene B2-C1", "start_year": -325, "end_year": -175 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 455, "name": "fr_la_tene_c2_d", "long_name": "La Tene C2-D", "start_year": -175, "end_year": -27 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 333, "name": "fr_valois_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois", "start_year": 1328, "end_year": 1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 459, "name": "fr_valois_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Valois", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1589 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 74, "polity": null, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 113, "name": "gh_akan", "long_name": "Akan - Pre-Ashanti", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1701 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": " 'Akan states, historical complex of gold-producing forest states in western Africa lying between the Comoé and Volta rivers (in an area roughly corresponding to the coastal lands of the modern republics of Togo, Ghana, and, in part, Côte d’Ivoire). Their economic, political, and social systems were transformed from the 16th to the 18th century by trade with Europeans on the coast. Of the northern Akan (or Brong) states the earliest (established c. 1450) was Bono; of the southern the most important were Denkyera, Akwamu, Fante (Fanti), and Asante.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Akan-states\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Akan-states</a>§REF§ The first Akan states date back to the 13th century, although migration remained relevant: 'It would seem that the first states of the Akan-speaking peoples who now inhabit most of the forest and coastlands were founded about the 13th century by the settlement, just north of the forest, of migrants coming from the direction of Mande; that the dominant states of northern Ghana, Dagomba, Mamprusi, and their satellites were established by the 15th century by invaders from the Hausa region; that a little later the founders of the Ga and Ewe states of the southeast began to arrive from what is now Nigeria by a more southerly route; and that Gonja, in the centre, was created by Mande conquerors about the beginning of the 17th century. Tradition tends to present these migrations as movements of whole peoples. In certain instances-for example, Dagomba, Mamprusi, and Gonja-it can be shown that the traditions relate in fact to comparatively small bands of invaders who used military and political techniques acquired farther north to impose their rule on already established populations whose own organization was based more on community of kin than on allegiance to political sovereigns. It is probable that the first Akan states-e.g., such influential states as Bono and Banda north of the forest or the smaller states founded on the coast by migration down the Volta River-were also established in this way. The later Akan infiltration into the forest, which then was probably sparsely inhabited, and the Ga and Ewe settlement of the southeast may have been more of mass movements, though in the latter case it is known that the immigrants met and absorbed earlier inhabitants.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Ghana/Daily-life-and-social-customs#toc76828\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Ghana/Daily-life-and-social-customs#toc76828</a>§REF§ The fluidity of the situation makes the choice of a single code more difficult." }, { "id": 76, "polity": { "id": 113, "name": "gh_akan", "long_name": "Akan - Pre-Ashanti", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1701 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite migration", "comment": null, "description": " 'Akan states, historical complex of gold-producing forest states in western Africa lying between the Comoé and Volta rivers (in an area roughly corresponding to the coastal lands of the modern republics of Togo, Ghana, and, in part, Côte d’Ivoire). Their economic, political, and social systems were transformed from the 16th to the 18th century by trade with Europeans on the coast. Of the northern Akan (or Brong) states the earliest (established c. 1450) was Bono; of the southern the most important were Denkyera, Akwamu, Fante (Fanti), and Asante.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Akan-states\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Akan-states</a>§REF§ The first Akan states date back to the 13th century, although migration remained relevant: 'It would seem that the first states of the Akan-speaking peoples who now inhabit most of the forest and coastlands were founded about the 13th century by the settlement, just north of the forest, of migrants coming from the direction of Mande; that the dominant states of northern Ghana, Dagomba, Mamprusi, and their satellites were established by the 15th century by invaders from the Hausa region; that a little later the founders of the Ga and Ewe states of the southeast began to arrive from what is now Nigeria by a more southerly route; and that Gonja, in the centre, was created by Mande conquerors about the beginning of the 17th century. Tradition tends to present these migrations as movements of whole peoples. In certain instances-for example, Dagomba, Mamprusi, and Gonja-it can be shown that the traditions relate in fact to comparatively small bands of invaders who used military and political techniques acquired farther north to impose their rule on already established populations whose own organization was based more on community of kin than on allegiance to political sovereigns. It is probable that the first Akan states-e.g., such influential states as Bono and Banda north of the forest or the smaller states founded on the coast by migration down the Volta River-were also established in this way. The later Akan infiltration into the forest, which then was probably sparsely inhabited, and the Ga and Ewe settlement of the southeast may have been more of mass movements, though in the latter case it is known that the immigrants met and absorbed earlier inhabitants.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Ghana/Daily-life-and-social-customs#toc76828\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Ghana/Daily-life-and-social-customs#toc76828</a>§REF§ The fluidity of the situation makes the choice of a single code more difficult." }, { "id": 77, "polity": { "id": 114, "name": "gh_ashanti_emp", "long_name": "Ashanti Empire", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": " 'The Asante wars had their origin in the seventeenth century in the course of attempts by Oti Akenten and Obiri Yeboah to establish the power of their segment of the Oyoko clan, based in Kokofu in Amansee, in the area now covered by Kumasi City. Obiri Yeboah died in war with the Dorma people, then located within four miles of Kumasi, and was succeeded by Osei Tutu (died 1717). Osei Tutu defeated the Dorma (Reindorf, 1895: 50; Fuller, 1968: 2) and led the Asante to conquer Denkyira (Bosman, 1705), their south-western neighbour and erstwhile overlords, in 1699-1708 [...] Between Osei Tutu and Osei Bonsu (1800-1824) the Asante conquered or otherwise brought into subjection to the Asantehene (King of Asante), nearly all the peoples now inhabiting all the regions of modern Ghana and also east-central and south-western Ivory Coast (Rattray, 1923: 287-293; Priestley and Wilks, 1960; Fynn, 1971: 105, 155; Meredith, 1812; Wilks, 1975; 43-79).' §REF§Arhin, Kwame 1986. “Asante Praise Poems: The Ideology Of Patrimonialism”, 165§REF§" }, { "id": 78, "polity": { "id": 67, "name": "gr_crete_archaic", "long_name": "Archaic Crete", "start_year": -710, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 79, "polity": { "id": 68, "name": "gr_crete_classical", "long_name": "Classical Crete", "start_year": -500, "end_year": -323 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 80, "polity": { "id": 74, "name": "gr_crete_emirate", "long_name": "The Emirate of Crete", "start_year": 824, "end_year": 961 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "hostile", "comment": null, "description": " The Andalusian Arabs conquered Crete in 824. Their relation with the Byzantine Empire was very hostile. Byzantines attemped to reconquest Crete many times and for the approximately 135 years of its existence, the Emirate of Crete was one of the major enemies of the Byzantine Empire. §REF§Christides, B. <i>The Conquest of Crete by Arabs (ca. 824). A Turning Point in the Struggle Between Byzantium and Islam</i>, Athens.§REF§" }, { "id": 82, "polity": { "id": 69, "name": "gr_crete_hellenistic", "long_name": "Hellenistic Crete", "start_year": -323, "end_year": -69 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 83, "polity": { "id": 63, "name": "gr_crete_mono_palace", "long_name": "Monopalatial Crete", "start_year": -1450, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 84, "polity": { "id": 59, "name": "gr_crete_nl", "long_name": "Neolithic Crete", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "population replacement", "comment": null, "description": "It is generally argued that newcomers from the area of South-West Asia Minor arrived in Crete. §REF§e.g. Evans, J. D. 1994. \"The early millennia: continuity and change in a farming settlement,\" in Evely, D., Hughes-Brock, H. and Momigliano, N. (eds), <i>Knossos: A Labyrinth of History. Papers Presented in Honour of Sinclair Hood</i>, London, 1-20§REF§ §REF§Broodbank, C. and Straser, T. F. 1991. \"Migrant framers and the Neolithic colonization of Crete,\" <i>Antiquity</i> 65, 233-45.§REF§" }, { "id": 85, "polity": { "id": 62, "name": "gr_crete_new_palace", "long_name": "New Palace Crete", "start_year": -1700, "end_year": -1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 86, "polity": { "id": 61, "name": "gr_crete_old_palace", "long_name": "Old Palace Crete", "start_year": -1900, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 87, "polity": { "id": 60, "name": "gr_crete_pre_palace", "long_name": "Prepalatial Crete", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 88, "polity": { "id": 18, "name": "us_hawaii_2", "long_name": "Hawaii II", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1580 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 89, "polity": { "id": 153, "name": "id_iban_1", "long_name": "Iban - Pre-Brooke", "start_year": 1650, "end_year": 1841 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": " European and Chinese traders and pirates were present on Borneo even before the 17th century, but Iban territory was not part of the formal colonial system at the time: 'Modern European knowledge of Borneo dates from travelers who passed through Southeast Asia in the 14th century. The first recorded European visitor was the Franciscan friar Odoric of Pordenone, who visited Talamasim on his way from India to China in 1330. The Portuguese, followed by the Spanish, established trading relations on the island early in the 16th century. At the beginning of the 17th century the Portuguese and Spanish trade monopoly was broken by the Dutch, who, intervening in the affairs of the Muslim kingdoms, succeeded in replacing Mataram influence with their own. The coastal strip along the South China and Sulu seas was long oriented toward the Philippines to the northeast and was often raided by Sulu pirates. British interests, particularly in the north and west, diminished that of the Dutch. The Brunei sultanate was an Islamic kingdom that at one time had controlled the whole island but by the 19th century ruled only in the north and northwest. In 1841 Sarawak was split away on the southwest, becoming an independent kingdom ruled by the Brooke Raj. North Borneo (later Sabah) to the northeast was obtained by a British company to promote trade and suppress piracy, but it was not demarcated until 1912. Those losses left a much-reduced Brunei, which became a British protectorate in 1888.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Borneo-island-Pacific-Ocean\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Borneo-island-Pacific-Ocean</a>§REF§ Iban communities were de facto self-governing before the Brooke Raj period: 'Each longhouse, as each BILEK, is an autonomous unit. Traditionally the core of each house was a group of descendants of the founders. Houses near one another on the same river or in the same region were commonly allied, marrying among themselves, raiding together beyond their territories, and resolving disputes by peaceful means. Regionalism, deriving from these alliances, in which Iban distinguished themselves from other allied groups, persist in modern state politics. Essentially egalitarian, Iban are aware of long-standing status distinctions among themselves of RAJA BERANI (wealthy and brave), MENSI SARIBU (commoners), and ULUN (slaves). Prestige still accrues to descendants of the first status, disdain to descendants of the third.' §REF§Sutlive, Vinson H. Jr. and Beierle, John: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Iban§REF§ 'Prior to the arrival of the British adventurer, James Brooke, there were no permanent leaders, but the affairs of each house were directed by consultations of family leaders. Men of influence included renowned warriors, bards, augurs and other specialists. Brooke, who became Rajah of Sarawak, and his nephew, Charles Johnson, created political positions -- headman (TUAI RUMAH), regional chief (PENGHULU), paramount chief (TEMENGGONG) -- to restructure Iban society for administrative control, especially for purposes of taxation and the suppression of head-hunting. The creation of permanent political positions and the establishment of political parties in the early 1960s have profoundly changed the Iban.' §REF§Sutlive, Vinson H. Jr. and Beierle, John: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Iban§REF§ It is assumed here that this was true prior to the 17th century as well." }, { "id": 90, "polity": { "id": 154, "name": "id_iban_2", "long_name": "Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial", "start_year": 1841, "end_year": 1987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite migration", "comment": null, "description": " 'At Singapore (founded 20 years earlier by Sir Stamford Raffles), Brooke learned that Pengiran Muda Hassim, chief minister of the sultanate of Brunei, was engaged in war with several rebel Iban (Sea Dayak) tribes in neighbouring Sarawak, nominally under Brunei control. The rebellion was crushed with Brooke’s aid, and as a reward for his services the title of raja of Sarawak was conferred upon him in 1841, confirmed in perpetuity by the sultan of Brunei in 1846. For the next 17 years Brooke and a handful of English assistants made expeditions into the interior of Sarawak, partially suppressed the prevalence of headhunting, and established a secure government.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/topic/Brooke-Raj\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/topic/Brooke-Raj</a>§REF§ 'During the 1830's, the ruler of the Sarawak district of Brunei (the present First Division of Sarawak) found himself with a territory in revolt. In summary, failing to resolve this problem himself, the Rajah Muda Hasim sought the assistance of the Englishman James Brooke. Brooke was instrumental in returning order to the area and in reducing the number and impact of pirates along the adjacent coast. In return, after some prevarication, procrastination and negotiation, the Rajah Muda Hasim transferred this district, with his rights to tax and rule, to Brooke who assumed the title of Rajah and established the dynasty of the “Three White Rajahs” which was to rule Sarawak from 1841 to 1941.' §REF§Austin, Robert Frederic 1978. “Iban Migration: Patterns Of Mobility And Employment In The 20Th Century”, 10§REF§" }, { "id": 91, "polity": { "id": 49, "name": "id_kediri_k", "long_name": "Kediri Kingdom", "start_year": 1049, "end_year": 1222 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": " Airlangga abdicated to become a Hindu ascetic and divided his kingdom between 2 sons, creating two new polities, Kediri and Janggala..§REF§(Sedyawati in Ooi 2004 (a), 134)§REF§" }, { "id": 92, "polity": { "id": 50, "name": "id_majapahit_k", "long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom", "start_year": 1292, "end_year": 1518 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite migration", "comment": null, "description": " Following the Mongol invasion of 1293, Vijaya allied with the Mongols against the enemies of the Singhasari and established a new capital at Majapahit. §REF§(Hall in Tarling 1993, 217)§REF§" }, { "id": 93, "polity": { "id": 51, "name": "id_mataram_k", "long_name": "Mataram Sultanate", "start_year": 1568, "end_year": 1755 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": " (gradual change) Gradual decline of Demak in the late sixteenth century allowed for the rise of other states including Mataram and Surabaya which emerged as the leading powers by 1600." }, { "id": 94, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": " Sanjaya, founder of the Medang Kingdom, was great-grandson of the famous Kalingga monarch Queen Shima. (<a href=\"http://historian-sholeh.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/medang-kingdom.html\">EXTERNAL_INLINE_LINK: http://historian-sholeh.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/medang-kingdom.html </a>)" }, { "id": 95, "polity": { "id": 103, "name": "il_canaan", "long_name": "Canaan", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1175 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 96, "polity": { "id": 110, "name": "il_judea", "long_name": "Yehuda", "start_year": -141, "end_year": -63 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": " This coding is arguable. The code book doesn't have a good descriptor for \"successful political rebellion\"; the new elites who ejected the Seleucids, the Hasmonean dynasty, were native to Judea, so \"elite migration\" doesn't really fit either. \"Cultural assimilation\" might fit, perhaps. At any rate, in 153 BCE the Hasmonean leader Jonathan \"Apphus,\" having led a years-long guerrilla war against the Seleucids after the death of his brother (Judah the Maccabbi), was confirmed as High Priest and ruler of the Jews as a vassal of the Seleucid claimant Alexander Balas. In the swirl of conflict over the Seleucid throne, Jonathan fell into a trap and was executed in 142 BCE; he was succeeded by his brother Simon, who achieved a measure of quasi-independence from the Seleucids—though he remained a vassal and the population retained strong elements of Hellenism. Simon was confirmed as High King and Prince in a popular assembly in 141 BCE." }, { "id": 97, "polity": { "id": 105, "name": "il_yisrael", "long_name": "Yisrael", "start_year": -1030, "end_year": -722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "population migration", "comment": null, "description": " The Israelite settlements first are found in hilly, desolate regions of the highlands that had little previous settlement during the Canaanite heyday, perhaps as refuges from the domination of surrounding powers such as the Philistines. In time, these became a political power in their own right.§REF§Finkelstein (2013), Lehmann (2004).§REF§" }, { "id": 98, "polity": { "id": 92, "name": "in_badami_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Badami", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 753 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": " feudal subordinates§REF§H. Kadambi, Negotiated Pasts and Memorialized Present in Ancient India, in N. Yoffee (ed), Negotiating the Past in the Past (2008), p. 158§REF§." }, { "id": 99, "polity": { "id": 94, "name": "in_kalyani_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Kalyani", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1189 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": " feudal subordinates §REF§H.V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan, A History of Karnataka (1978), pp. 91§REF§" }, { "id": 100, "polity": { "id": 86, "name": "in_deccan_ia", "long_name": "Deccan - Iron Age", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 101, "polity": { "id": 135, "name": "in_delhi_sultanate", "long_name": "Delhi Sultanate", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "comment": null, "description": " Its heartland lay in the north and west of South Asia.§REF§Habib, I. (2005). The Delhi Sultanate in The state and society in medieval India. Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp.37-44.§REF§" } ] }