Polity Preceding Entity List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Preceding Entities.
GET /api/general/polity-preceding-entities/?format=api&page=9
{ "count": 452, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-preceding-entities/?format=api&page=10", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-preceding-entities/?format=api&page=8", "results": [ { "id": 404, "polity": { "id": 694, "name": "rw_bugesera_k", "long_name": "Bugesera", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1799 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "suspected unknown; UNKNOWN", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "unknown", "preceding_entity": "UNKNOWN", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "\"Today no dates can be proposed at all for the kingdoms to the south and southeast of central Rwanda, to wit, Mubari, Gisaka, and Bugesera, for lack of archaeological research or even reliable dynastic lists. Their chronology before the middle of the eighteenth century derives from references in Rwandan historical narratives, references that are probably mere anachronisms.\" §REF§(Vansina 2004: 45) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/5J4MRHUB/collection.§REF§" }, { "id": 405, "polity": { "id": 695, "name": "ug_nkore_k_2", "long_name": "Nkore", "start_year": 1750, "end_year": 1901 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Early Nkore", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Early Nkore", "other_polity": { "id": 688, "name": "ug_nkore_k_1", "long_name": "Nkore", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1749 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 406, "polity": { "id": 697, "name": "in_pandya_emp_2", "long_name": "Pandya Dynasty", "start_year": 590, "end_year": 915 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Kalabhra Dynasty", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Kalabhra Dynasty", "other_polity": { "id": 703, "name": "in_kalabhra_dyn", "long_name": "Kalabhra Dynasty", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 600 }, "comment": null, "description": "“After their defeat, the Kalabhras became feudatories under the Pandyas and the Pallavas and continued so till the tenth century A.D.” §REF§ (Gupta 1989, 24) Gupta, Parmanand. 1989. Geography from Ancient Indian Coins and Seals. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/5Z4TFP7P/collection §REF§ “The first two rulers of the early medieval line were Kadungon (560-90) and his son Maravarman Avanishulamani (590-620). The latter is credited with ending Kalabhra rule in the area and reviving Pandya power.” §REF§ (Singh 2008, 558) Singh, Upinder. 2008. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Delhi: Pearson Longman. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/UJG2G6MJ/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 407, "polity": { "id": 698, "name": "in_cholas_1", "long_name": "Early Cholas", "start_year": -300, "end_year": 300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "InDecIA", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "InDecIA", "other_polity": { "id": 86, "name": "in_deccan_ia", "long_name": "Deccan - Iron Age", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -300 }, "comment": null, "description": "South Indian Iron Age" }, { "id": 408, "polity": { "id": 699, "name": "in_thanjavur_maratha_k", "long_name": "Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom", "start_year": 1675, "end_year": 1799 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Nayaks of Thanjavur", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Nayaks of Thanjavur", "other_polity": { "id": 704, "name": "in_thanjavur_nayaks", "long_name": "Nayaks of Thanjavur", "start_year": 1532, "end_year": 1676 }, "comment": null, "description": "“The rule or the Thanjavur Nayaks lasted until 1673 when Chokkanatha Nayak the ruler of Madurai invaded Thanjavur and killed the ruler Vijayraghava. Chokkanatha placed his brother Alagiri on the throne of Thanjavur, but within a year the latter threw off his allegiance, and Chokkanatha was forced to recognise the independence of Thanjavur. A son of Vijayrahava induced the Bijapur Sultan to help him get back the Thanjavur throne. In 1675 the Sultan of Bijapur sent a force commanded by the Maratha general Venkoji to recapture the kingdom from the new invader. Venkoji defeated Alagiri with ease, and occupied Thanjavur. He did not, however, place his protégé on the throne as instructed by the Bijapur Sultan, but seized the kingdom and made himself king. Thus began the rule of the Marathas over Thanjavur.” §REF§ (Sorokhaibam 2013, 4-5) Sorokhaibam, Jeenet. 2013. Chhatrapati Shivaji: The Maratha Warrior and his Campaigns. New Delhi: Vij Books India Pvt. Ltd. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/MJ4PW3NS/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 409, "polity": { "id": 700, "name": "in_pandya_emp_1", "long_name": "Early Pandyas", "start_year": -300, "end_year": 300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "InDecIA", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "InDecIA", "other_polity": { "id": 86, "name": "in_deccan_ia", "long_name": "Deccan - Iron Age", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -300 }, "comment": null, "description": "South Indian Iron Age" }, { "id": 410, "polity": { "id": 701, "name": "in_carnatic_sul", "long_name": "Carnatic Sultanate", "start_year": 1710, "end_year": 1801 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Mughal Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Mughal Empire", "other_polity": { "id": 98, "name": "in_mughal_emp", "long_name": "Mughal Empire", "start_year": 1526, "end_year": 1858 }, "comment": null, "description": "“It seems that some measure of stability was achieved with the establishment of Mughal rule. After a few years the rulers of Gingee took the title of nawabs of the Carnatic, and in the first years of the 18th century they left Gingee to take up residence in Arcot. §REF§ (Bugge, 2020) Bugge, Henriette. 2020. Mission and Tamil Society: Social and Religious Change in South India (1840-1900). London: Routledge Curzon. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/9SKWNUF4/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 411, "polity": { "id": 702, "name": "in_pallava_emp_2", "long_name": "Late Pallava Empire", "start_year": 300, "end_year": 890 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Kalabhra Dynasty", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Kalabhra Dynasty", "other_polity": { "id": 703, "name": "in_kalabhra_dyn", "long_name": "Kalabhra Dynasty", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 600 }, "comment": null, "description": "“For about five centuries, the powers of the rulers from several dynasties of the south were curtailed by the rise of a tribe known as Kalabhras. Not much is known about the Kalabhra kings except that they were known as evil kings. Finally, together the Pallava King Simhavishnu and the Pandyan king defeated the Kalabhras.” §REF§ (Kamlesh 2010, 564) Kamelsh, Kapur. 2010. ‘The Pallava Dynasty’ In History of Ancient India: Portraits of a Nation. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Pvt. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/UETBPIDE/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 412, "polity": { "id": 703, "name": "in_kalabhra_dyn", "long_name": "Kalabhra Dynasty", "start_year": 200, "end_year": 600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Kingdom of Chola", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Kingdom of Chola", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "“The Kalabhras, or Kalappirar, were rulers of all or parts of the Tamil region sometime between the 3rd century and 6th century, after the ancient dynasties of the early Cholas, the early Pandyas and Cheras disintergrated.” §REF§ (Srinivansan, 2021) Srinivasan, Raghavan. 2021. Rajaraja Chola: Interplay Between an Imperial Regime and Productive Forces of Society. Mumbai: Leadstart Publishing Pvt Ltd. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/UGD5HUFP/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 413, "polity": { "id": 704, "name": "in_thanjavur_nayaks", "long_name": "Nayaks of Thanjavur", "start_year": 1532, "end_year": 1676 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Vijayanagara", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Vijayanagara", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> The Nayaks already ruled over Tamil Nadu during the Vijayanagara period.<br><b>(Entity):</b> “The kingdom of Bijapur, less powerful than Golconda, controlled key southern ports of Cuddalore, Porto Novo, and Puducheary (Pondicherry). Further south the disintegration of the Vijayanagar Empire allowed the rise of formerly subordinate nayaks (military rulers) and small sultanates to power: south of Madras, the nayaks of Thanjavur, the thevar of Ramnad, and the nayak of Madura all claimed succession from Vijayanagar.” §REF§ (Amrith 2013, 48) Amrith, Sunil S. 2013. Crossing the Bay of Bengal. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/IN3HWE4E/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 414, "polity": { "id": 705, "name": "in_madurai_nayaks", "long_name": "Nayaks of Madurai", "start_year": 1529, "end_year": 1736 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Vijayanagara", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Vijayanagara", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "“Finally, there is a reference in John Neiuhoff, which confirms the chronology re-adjustment elaborated in this investigation. With, regard to the events of 1533, he says: ‘After all, the Nayk of Madure, having found means to get into possession of the country, left the Portuguese in the full possession of their jurisdiction over the Parvas, and of the free exercise of their religion.’ This discussion leans to the conclusion that Visvanatha Nayaka, the founder of the Nayak dynasty of Madura, was established in authority there not long before the death of the Vijayanagar emperor, Krishnadeva Raya, in 1530, i.e., about 1529.” §REF§ (Sathyanatha Aiyar 1991, 24) Sathyanatha Aiyar, R. 1991. History of the Nayaks of Madura. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databak/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/E2S7TSI5/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 415, "polity": { "id": 579, "name": "gb_england_plantagenet", "long_name": "Plantagenet England", "start_year": 1154, "end_year": 1485 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Norman England", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Norman England", "other_polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 416, "polity": { "id": 568, "name": "cz_bohemian_k_2", "long_name": "Kingdom of Bohemia - Luxembourgian and Jagiellonian Dynasty", "start_year": 1310, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuation; Kingdom of Bohemia - Přemyslid Dynasty", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Kingdom of Bohemia - Přemyslid Dynasty", "other_polity": { "id": 598, "name": "cz_bohemian_k_1", "long_name": "Kingdom of Bohemia - Přemyslid Dynasty", "start_year": 1198, "end_year": 1309 }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 417, "polity": { "id": 575, "name": "us_united_states_of_america_reconstruction", "long_name": "Us Reconstruction-Progressive", "start_year": 1866, "end_year": 1933 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Antebellum US", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Antebellum US", "other_polity": { "id": 563, "name": "us_antebellum", "long_name": "Antebellum US", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1865 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 418, "polity": { "id": 560, "name": "bo_tiwanaku_2", "long_name": "Late Tiwanaku", "start_year": 800, "end_year": 1149 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Early Tiwanaku", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Early Tiwanaku", "other_polity": { "id": 714, "name": "bo_tiwanaku_1", "long_name": "Early Tiwanaku", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 799 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 419, "polity": { "id": 576, "name": "us_chaco_bonito_3", "long_name": "Chaco Canyon - Late Bonito phase", "start_year": 1101, "end_year": 1140 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Chaco Canyon - Classic Bonito phase", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Chaco Canyon - Classic Bonito phase", "other_polity": { "id": 770, "name": "us_chaco_bonito_2", "long_name": "Chaco Canyon - Classic Bonito phase", "start_year": 1041, "end_year": 1100 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 420, "polity": { "id": 591, "name": "gt_tikal_late_classic", "long_name": "Late Classic Tikal", "start_year": 555, "end_year": 869 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Early Postclassic Tikal", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Early Postclassic Tikal", "other_polity": { "id": 590, "name": "gt_tikal_early_classic", "long_name": "Early Classic Tikal", "start_year": 250, "end_year": 554 }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 421, "polity": { "id": 302, "name": "gb_tudor_stuart", "long_name": "England Tudor-Stuart", "start_year": 1486, "end_year": 1689 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Plantagenet England", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Plantagenet England", "other_polity": { "id": 579, "name": "gb_england_plantagenet", "long_name": "Plantagenet England", "start_year": 1154, "end_year": 1485 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 422, "polity": { "id": 606, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_2", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England II", "start_year": 927, "end_year": 1065 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Anglo-Saxon England", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Anglo-Saxon England", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 423, "polity": { "id": 567, "name": "at_habsburg_2", "long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty II", "start_year": 1649, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I", "other_polity": { "id": 565, "name": "at_habsburg_1", "long_name": "Austria - Habsburg Dynasty I", "start_year": 1454, "end_year": 1648 }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 426, "polity": { "id": 21, "name": "us_hawaii_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period", "start_year": 1820, "end_year": 1898 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period", "other_polity": { "id": 21, "name": "us_hawaii_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Hawaii - Post-Kamehameha Period", "start_year": 1820, "end_year": 1898 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 427, "polity": { "id": 574, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_1", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England I", "start_year": 410, "end_year": 926 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "cultural assimilation; Roman Britain", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "absorption", "preceding_entity": "Roman Britain", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 428, "polity": { "id": 572, "name": "at_austro_hungarian_emp", "long_name": "Austro-Hungarian Monarchy", "start_year": 1867, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Habsburg Empire III", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Habsburg Empire III", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 429, "polity": { "id": 786, "name": "gb_british_emp_2", "long_name": "British Empire II", "start_year": 1850, "end_year": 1968 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "British Empire I", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "British Empire I", "other_polity": { "id": 587, "name": "gb_british_emp_1", "long_name": "British Empire I", "start_year": 1690, "end_year": 1849 }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 432, "polity": { "id": 797, "name": "de_empire_1", "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty", "start_year": 919, "end_year": 1125 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuation; East Francia", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "East Francia", "other_polity": { "id": 798, "name": "de_east_francia", "long_name": "East Francia", "start_year": 842, "end_year": 919 }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 433, "polity": { "id": 799, "name": "de_empire_2", "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Hohenstaufen and Welf Dynasties", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1254 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty", "other_polity": { "id": 797, "name": "de_empire_1", "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Ottonian-Salian Dynasty", "start_year": 919, "end_year": 1125 }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 434, "polity": { "id": 802, "name": "de_hohenzollern_2", "long_name": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "start_year": 1618, "end_year": 1870 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Electorate of Brandenburg", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "territorial consolidation", "preceding_entity": "Electorate of Brandenburg", "other_polity": { "id": 801, "name": "de_hohenzollern_1", "long_name": "Electorate of Brandenburg", "start_year": 1415, "end_year": 1618 }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 435, "polity": { "id": 800, "name": "de_empire_3", "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Fragmented Period", "start_year": 1255, "end_year": 1453 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Holy Roman Empire - Hohenstaufen and Welf Dynasties", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Holy Roman Empire - Hohenstaufen and Welf Dynasties", "other_polity": { "id": 799, "name": "de_empire_2", "long_name": "Holy Roman Empire - Hohenstaufen and Welf Dynasties", "start_year": 1126, "end_year": 1254 }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 436, "polity": { "id": 809, "name": "pl_piast_dyn_2", "long_name": "Polish Kingdom - Piast Dynasty Fragmented Period", "start_year": 1139, "end_year": 1382 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Polish Kingdom - Piast Dynasty", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Polish Kingdom - Piast Dynasty", "other_polity": { "id": 317, "name": "pl_piast_dyn_1", "long_name": "Polish Kingdom - Piast Dynasty", "start_year": 963, "end_year": 1138 }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 438, "polity": { "id": 586, "name": "gb_england_norman", "long_name": "Norman England", "start_year": 1066, "end_year": 1153 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "elite migration; gb_anglo_saxon_2", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "gb_anglo_saxon_2", "other_polity": { "id": 606, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_2", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England II", "start_year": 927, "end_year": 1065 }, "comment": "The Norman Conquest resulted in the near-total replacement of the Anglo-Saxon ruling class by Norman elites:\r\nThe Anglo-Saxon nobility and earls were displaced, with their lands redistributed to Norman lords and knights who became the new feudal rulers.\r\nBy the time of the Domesday Book (1086), less than 5% of English land was held by Anglo-Saxon nobles, demonstrating a near-complete Norman takeover of the elite landowning class. <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JISXN2HM\">[Carpenter 2003]</a>, <a class=\"fw-bold\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/MXKV3EU2\">[webpage_Home | Domesday Book]</a>", "description": "" }, { "id": 439, "polity": { "id": 665, "name": "ni_aro", "long_name": "Aro", "start_year": 1690, "end_year": 1902 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": null, "is_uncertain": null, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "population migration; uncoded", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "population replacement", "preceding_entity": "uncoded", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "“The Aro, variously known as Aro Okeigbo, Igbo ukwu, etc is one of important tribes of Igbo in Nigeria. The Aro ancestral land is found in the present Abia state. It borders with Obotenmi community of the present Akwa Ibom state, formerly Cross River on the western side; Ututu Ezema covers their Northern and Eastern sides; while another ancient Igbo community –Ihechiowa stays by the south. It is recalled that both Ututu and Ihechiowa migrated from Ibeku somewhere in Umuahia, Abia State many years before the 15th century.” §REF§Innocent, Rev. (2020). A Critical Study on the Ibini Ukpabi (Arochukwu Long Juju) Oracle and its Implications on the International Relations During the 20th Century. London Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences, 20(10): 5. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/ZXZGZSM3/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 440, "polity": { "id": 612, "name": "ni_nok_1", "long_name": "Middle and Late Nok", "start_year": -1500, "end_year": -901 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": null, "is_uncertain": null, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; uncoded", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "uncoded", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 441, "polity": { "id": 614, "name": "cd_kanem", "long_name": "Kanem", "start_year": 800, "end_year": 1379 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": null, "is_uncertain": null, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "unknown; uncoded", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "unknown", "preceding_entity": "uncoded", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "\"Research into the first millennium A.D. shows that iron-bearing settlement mounds, representing villages, rapidly increased in the valleys of River Niger and its tributaries (e.g., Yelwa and Wushishi), southern Hausaland, and the plains of the Chad Basin after the sixth century A.D. (Connah, 1981, pp. 201–213; Shaw, 1976; Sutton, 1976). [...] How these site hierarchies culminated in the rise of Kanem, the oldest known state in the central sudan and well referenced in the Arabic writings, is not yet understood.\"§REF§(Ogundiran 2005: 144)§REF§" }, { "id": 442, "polity": { "id": 620, "name": "bf_mossi_k_1", "long_name": "Mossi", "start_year": 1100, "end_year": 1897 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": null, "is_uncertain": null, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "elite migration; uncoded", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "uncoded", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "\"In addition to illustrating the penetration of the Mossi from the Dagomba kingdom of northern Ghana upstream along the White Volta all the way to Ouahigouya, this account serves as an ideological foundation of the Mossi state system and its blend of conquest and assimilation, where marriages with autochthonous people play a crucial role and where power is transmitted from father to son. Yet the story is idyllic in its portrayal of indigenous populations. [...] [N]ot all gladly married or warmly welcomed Mossi warriors.\"§REF§(Englebert 2018: 11) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/52JWRCUI/collection.§REF§" }, { "id": 443, "polity": { "id": 659, "name": "ni_allada_k", "long_name": "Allada", "start_year": 1100, "end_year": 1724 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": null, "is_uncertain": null, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "population migration; uncoded", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "population replacement", "preceding_entity": "uncoded", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "“Oral traditions indicate that the first settlers in the region were Aja speakers who arrived sometime in the 12th and 13th centuries from the area of Tado, which lay along the banks of the Mono River to the west. By the mid-15th century, the population of Allada had reached approximately 30,000 people.”§REF§Aderinto, Saheed. African Kingdoms: An Encyclopedia of Empires and Civilizations. ABC-CLIO, 2017: 8. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/EB5TWDG7/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 444, "polity": { "id": 669, "name": "ni_hausa_k", "long_name": "Hausa bakwai", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1808 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": null, "is_uncertain": null, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; uncoded", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "uncoded", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "Depends on the specific kingdom, but broadly speaking this should be coded as continuity. “The territory which later formed the Kano kingdom was initially ruled by small chiefdoms, each headed by individuals whose authority over the rest of the people was based on ritual jurisdiction. The most important of these chiefdoms were Sheme, Dala and Santolo. At Dala, there were six generations of rulers before the coming of Bagauda. The entry of Bagauda into the Kano area took place, according to Palmer, in the year + 999; that dating has not yet been revised, although Palmer's chronology is plainly arbitrary and very approximate.21 Bagauda lived and died at Sheme after compelling the local people to recognize his political rule.” §REF§Niane, D. T., & Unesco (Eds.). (1984). Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. Heinemann; University of California Press: 271. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/ERZKPETN/collection§REF§ “In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries the territory which later came to be known as Katsina consisted of independent chiefdoms, all of them Hausa-speaking; that at Durbi-ta-Kusheyi was the most important. It was from Durbi that the centralized city-state of Katsina eventually developed.” §REF§Niane, D. T., & Unesco (Eds.). (1984). Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. Heinemann; University of California Press: 273. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/ERZKPETN/collection§REF§ “According to Abdullahi Smith, the Hausa people 'had lived in Zazzau for more than a millennium before a central government emerged in the area, based initially at Turunku'.30 […] Not long before the fifteenth century, on the plain of Zazzau in the extreme south of Hausaland, several urban centres arose, which evolved a city-state type of administration. In the course of political development, two towns, Turunku and Kufena, came to exercise authority over the others. These two towns were initially independent of each other and remained so until the end of the fifteenth century, when a Turunku ruler, Bakwa, seized power also at Kufena. […] With the merger of Turunku and Kufena, the Zazzau kingdom had really come into being.” §REF§Niane, D. T., & Unesco (Eds.). (1984). Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. Heinemann; University of California Press: 274–275. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/ERZKPETN/collection§REF§ “Murray Last has drawn attention to the fact that, if the Kano Chronicle is examined carefully, no evidence can be found for the existence of a kingdom of Rano before the fifteenth century.35 There was, in fact, a Hausa chiefdom called Zamnagaba (or Zamnakogi) which was independent of Kano. According to the Kano Chronicle, it was Sarkiri Kano Yaji (1349-85) who drove its chief from his capital and then went on to Rano and Babu, where he lived for two years.” §REF§Niane, D. T., & Unesco (Eds.). (1984). Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. Heinemann; University of California Press: 276. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/ERZKPETN/collection§REF§ “It was only at the beginning of the sixteenth century that the Zamfara kingdom can be said to have clearly emerged as a state. Before that time, the main chiefdoms in its territory were Dutsi, Togai, Kiyawa (or Kiawa) and Jata […] The centralization process started with the rulers of Dutsi, who had brought the other chiefdoms under their control.” §REF§Niane, D. T., & Unesco (Eds.). (1984). Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century. Heinemann; University of California Press: 276–277. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/ERZKPETN/collection§REF§ “Among the Hausa-speaking peoples of northern Nigeria, there is a popular myth that has helped establish some facts about their origin. The myth states that in the remote times a certain Baya Jidda fled from the east to Kanem-Borno, which was already an important state in the Chad basin. There the mai of Bornu gave him his daughter in marriage, but deprived him of his followers. This and subse quent events caused Bayajidda to flee the country. Traveling westward, Baya Jidda left his wife at Biramta-Gabas to bear him a son. At Gaya he met some blacksmiths, who made him a knife according to specifications. As he continued his journey, he came to a town whose inhabitants were deprived of water from a well by a sacred snake called sarki or king. Bayajidda killed the snake and in gratitude Daura, the queen of the town, married him and also gave him a Gwari concubine. By Daura Bayajidda had a son, Bawo. Various accounts exist as to what happened after this, but one of them states that Bawo had seven children, who became 8Lloyd, \"Yoruba Myths,\" 22. 9lbid. 10King, African Cosmos, 27-28. 11G.T. Strides and C. Ifeka, Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Africa in History, 1000-1800 (New York, 1971), 311; J.U. Egharevba, A Short History of Benin (Ibadan, 1968), 6. This content downloaded from 31.124.120.43 on Mon, 04 Oct 2021 16:40:34 UTC All use subject to htt Myth in the Context of African Traditional Histories 489 founders of the seven Hausa states referred to as Hausa Bakwai or legiti mate Hausa states.12 From this legend three basic inferences can be made: that the Hausa speaking people had existed long before the formation of states like the celebrated Hausa Bakwai; that successive infiltration of newcomers into Hausaland took place; or that there was an invasion of the area from Kanem-Borno.” §REF§ Shokpeka, S. A. (2005). Myth in the Context of African Traditional Histories: Can It Be Called “Applied History”? History in Africa, 32, 485–49: 488–489. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/FQI8PQU2/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 446, "polity": { "id": 792, "name": "in_kanva_dyn", "long_name": "Magadha - Kanva Dynasty", "start_year": -75, "end_year": -30 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": null, "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": null, "other_polity": { "id": 385, "name": "in_sunga_emp", "long_name": "Magadha - Sunga Empire", "start_year": -187, "end_year": -65 }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 449, "polity": { "id": 497, "name": "ir_elam_3", "long_name": "Elam - Early Sukkalmah", "start_year": -1900, "end_year": -1701 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": null, "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": null, "other_polity": { "id": 496, "name": "ir_elam_2", "long_name": "Elam - Shimashki Period", "start_year": -2028, "end_year": -1940 }, "comment": null, "description": "Despite the Ur III occupation of Susa and surrounding regions, there was continuity in large parts of the Elamite realm between the Shimashki period and the Early Sukkalmah period.§REF§(Liverani 2014: 168-9) Liverani, Marco. 2014. The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. Translated by Soraia Tabatabai. Abingdon: Routledge. Zotero ID: 7DRZQS5Q.§REF§ The population of Early Elam polity stayed the same as in the previous periods, there was no traces of migrations. Likewise, the elite and royal family was Elamite, and they were completely independent from Sumerian polities.§REF§Potts 1999, 161§REF§" }, { "id": 450, "polity": { "id": 806, "name": "de_hohenzollern_3", "long_name": "Germany - Hohenzollern Dynasty", "start_year": 1871, "end_year": 1918 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": null, "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": null, "other_polity": { "id": 802, "name": "de_hohenzollern_2", "long_name": "Brandenburg-Prussia", "start_year": 1618, "end_year": 1870 }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 452, "polity": { "id": 587, "name": "gb_british_emp_1", "long_name": "British Empire I", "start_year": 1690, "end_year": 1849 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": null, "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": null, "other_polity": { "id": 302, "name": "gb_tudor_stuart", "long_name": "England Tudor-Stuart", "start_year": 1486, "end_year": 1689 }, "comment": "King James II of England was deposed and replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary and her husband William, who invaded from the Netherlands, but most elites remained in place.", "description": "" }, { "id": 453, "polity": { "id": 606, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_2", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England II", "start_year": 927, "end_year": 1065 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "UND", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": null, "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": null, "other_polity": { "id": 574, "name": "gb_anglo_saxon_1", "long_name": "Anglo-Saxon England I", "start_year": 410, "end_year": 926 }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 454, "polity": { "id": 296, "name": "uz_chagatai_khanate", "long_name": "Chagatai Khanate", "start_year": 1227, "end_year": 1402 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": null, "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "secession", "preceding_entity": null, "other_polity": { "id": 267, "name": "mn_mongol_emp", "long_name": "Mongol Empire", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1270 }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 455, "polity": { "id": 172, "name": "ir_il_khanate", "long_name": "Ilkhanate", "start_year": 1256, "end_year": 1339 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": null, "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "secession", "preceding_entity": null, "other_polity": { "id": 267, "name": "mn_mongol_emp", "long_name": "Mongol Empire", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1270 }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 456, "polity": { "id": 573, "name": "ru_golden_horde", "long_name": "Golden Horde", "start_year": 1240, "end_year": 1440 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": null, "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "secession", "preceding_entity": null, "other_polity": { "id": 267, "name": "mn_mongol_emp", "long_name": "Mongol Empire", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1270 }, "comment": null, "description": "" }, { "id": 457, "polity": { "id": 369, "name": "ir_jayarid_khanate", "long_name": "Jayarid Khanate", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1393 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": null, "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "secession", "preceding_entity": null, "other_polity": { "id": 172, "name": "ir_il_khanate", "long_name": "Ilkhanate", 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