Polity Preceding Entity List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Preceding Entities.
GET /api/general/polity-preceding-entities/?format=api&page=8
{ "count": 452, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-preceding-entities/?format=api&page=9", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-preceding-entities/?format=api&page=7", "results": [ { "id": 354, "polity": { "id": 622, "name": "bf_west_burkina_faso_yellow_6", "long_name": "West Burkina Faso Yellow II", "start_year": 501, "end_year": 700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; West Burkina Faso Yellow I", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "West Burkina Faso Yellow I", "other_polity": { "id": 613, "name": "bf_west_burkina_faso_yellow_5", "long_name": "West Burkina Faso Yellow I", "start_year": 100, "end_year": 500 }, "comment": null, "description": "\"A true village emerged with the establishment of a second house (Mound 1) c. ad 450, and by the end of the first millennium ad the community had expanded to six houses. At first, these were economically generalized houses (potting, iron metallurgy, farming and herding) settled distantly apart with direct access to farming land that appear to have exercised some autonomy.Over the course ofYellow II and Red I, the founding house began to centralize control over ancestry (materialized in a cemetery monument), iron production, livestock wealth and even spatial syntax, with a shift in the location of new houses towards Mound 4.\"§REF§(Dueppen 2015: 22)§REF§" }, { "id": 355, "polity": { "id": 624, "name": "zi_great_zimbabwe", "long_name": "Great Zimbabwe", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "population migration, economic displacement; Mapungubwe", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "economic displacement", "preceding_entity": "Mapungubwe", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> It seems most likely that environmental change, diminishing the agricultural and pastoral utility of the territory around Mapungubwe, and the loss of wealth from the Arab gold trade being taken over by the nearer Great Zimbabwe resulted in Mapungubwe’s power declining into insignificance. While the decline of Mapungubwe seems to have already been underway at the time of Great Zimbabwe’s rise, Zimbabwe’s co-opting of the gold trade routes and their wealth seems to have accelerated Mapungubwe’s economic decline. “Its environment became too dry to sustain both human and animal populations leading to segmentation and migrations towards ecologically more sustainable places. Great Zimbabwe only became important during/after the demise ofMapungubwe, taking a greater share in control of long-distance trade.” §REF§ (Pikirayi 2006; 31) Innocent Pikirayi, “The Demise of Great Zimbabwe, AD 1420-1550: An Environmental Re-Appraisal,” in Cities in the World, 1500-2000 (Routledge, 2006): 31-47. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/6Z64MQH4/collection §REF§ “By the thirteenth century, the Mapungubwe state was in decline, probably as a result of its loss of control of the gold trade. Arab traders were locating themselves further north along the east coast and trading directly with a newly emergent state on the Zimbabwean plateau. This state became known as Great Zimbabwe.” §REF§ (Erlank 2005, 703) Natasha Erlank, “Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa: Leopard’s Kopje, Bambandyanalo, and Mapungubwe,” in Encyclopedia of African History Vol. 2, ed. Kevin Shillington (Fitzroy Dearborn, 2005): 702-703. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/AWA9ZT5B/collection §REF§, It seems most likely that environmental change, diminishing the agricultural and pastoral utility of the territory around Mapungubwe, and the loss of wealth from the Arab gold trade being taken over by the nearer Great Zimbabwe resulted in Mapungubwe’s power declining into insignificance. While the decline of Mapungubwe seems to have already been underway at the time of Great Zimbabwe’s rise, Zimbabwe’s co-opting of the gold trade routes and their wealth seems to have accelerated Mapungubwe’s economic decline. “Its environment became too dry to sustain both human and animal populations leading to segmentation and migrations towards ecologically more sustainable places. Great Zimbabwe only became important during/after the demise ofMapungubwe, taking a greater share in control of long-distance trade.” §REF§ (Pikirayi 2006; 31) Innocent Pikirayi, “The Demise of Great Zimbabwe, AD 1420-1550: An Environmental Re-Appraisal,” in Cities in the World, 1500-2000 (Routledge, 2006): 31-47. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/6Z64MQH4/collection §REF§ “By the thirteenth century, the Mapungubwe state was in decline, probably as a result of its loss of control of the gold trade. Arab traders were locating themselves further north along the east coast and trading directly with a newly emergent state on the Zimbabwean plateau. This state became known as Great Zimbabwe.” §REF§ (Erlank 2005, 703) Natasha Erlank, “Iron Age (Later): Southern Africa: Leopard’s Kopje, Bambandyanalo, and Mapungubwe,” in Encyclopedia of African History Vol. 2, ed. Kevin Shillington (Fitzroy Dearborn, 2005): 702-703. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/AWA9ZT5B/collection §REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> Temporary dominant polity in Southern Zambesia, based out of the Shashe-Limpopo region between 1220-1290 CE. “[Great Zimbabwe] was the cultural and political successor to Mapungubwe (AD 1220-90), based in the middle Shashe-Limpopo valley. Mapungubwe developed into the political and cultural centre of a community living in the area and founded by communities identified archaeologically with Zhizo and Leopard’s Kopje cultures.” §REF§ (Pikirayi 2006; 31) Innocent Pikirayi, “The Demise of Great Zimbabwe, AD 1420-1550: An Environmental Re-Appraisal,” in Cities in the World, 1500-2000 (Routledge, 2006): 31-47. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/6Z64MQH4/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 356, "polity": { "id": 625, "name": "zi_torwa_rozvi", "long_name": "Torwa-Rozvi", "start_year": 1494, "end_year": 1850 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Mutapa", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Mutapa", "other_polity": { "id": 626, "name": "zi_mutapa", "long_name": "Mutapa", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1880 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 357, "polity": { "id": 626, "name": "zi_mutapa", "long_name": "Mutapa", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1880 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity, elite migration; Great Zimbabwe", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "Great Zimbabwe", "other_polity": { "id": 624, "name": "zi_great_zimbabwe", "long_name": "Great Zimbabwe", "start_year": 1270, "end_year": 1550 }, "comment": null, "description": "Exact process of succession is somewhat unclear, and evidence is admittedly scarce, but a direct dynastic connection with the rulers of Great Zimbabwe, and a migration away from that state as it declined seem to be mostly agreed upon as the main factors leading to the creation of Mutapa as a large polity. The exact manner in which this happened appears to be a subject of debate, and a variety of slightly different interpretations can be found in the sources. “The occupation [of this region] overlapped with the 15th-century shift of Great Zimbabwe states sites into northern Zimbabwe. The Mutapa state was led by one of the dynasties that moved into the region…. Beach argued that the Mutapa state did not develop out of Great Zimbabwe… Pwiti suggested that the economic and ideological changes in the region led to the rise of the Mutapa state and that… the leadership originated at Great Zimbabwe…. Pikirayi contended that the Mutapa state was the direct successor to Great Zimbabwe.” §REF§ (Schoeman 2017) Maria Schoeman, “Political Complexity North and South of the Zambezi River,” in Oxford Research Encyclopedias Online (2017). Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/4UBRHU5H/item-details §REF§ “The historical Mutapa state is believed to be a direct off-shoot of the state based at Great Zimbabwe…. According to oral traditions, Nyatsimba Mutota is the last ruler of Great Zimbabwe and the first Mutapa king.” §REF§ (Chirikure et al. 2012, 368) Shadreck Chirikure et al., “When Science Alone is Not Enough: Radiocarbon Timescales, History, Ethnography and Elite Settlements in Southern Africa,” in Journal of Social Archaeology Vol. 12, No. 3 (2012): 356-379. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/U4GGB55J/item-details §REF§ “Soper (1990) quite rightly concludes that we do not yet have adequate evidence on how this process took place… // …if the founders of the Mutapa state were expanding from Great Zimbabwe, they were familiar with the potential of two of the state’s several branches of production and how they could be used as sources of power. These are external trade and large-scale cattle herding. If they had possessed large herds of cattle during their expansion, or alternatively had built up herds in the north, then it may have been possible for them to use these as a useful power base among the locals…. Indeed for the Mutapa state, the Portuguese refer to their importance in this regard….cattle rich immigrant communities settled among a people who were not so rich, but who were very keen to use cattle products or own more cattle herds.” §REF§ (Pwiti 1996, 46) Gilbert Pwiti, “Peasants, Chiefs and Kings: A Model of the Development of Cultural Complexity in Northern Zimbabwe,” in Zambezia Vol. 23, No. 1 (1996): 31-52. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/I4AA8N73/item-details §REF§" }, { "id": 358, "polity": { "id": 627, "name": "in_pandya_emp_3", "long_name": "Pandya Empire", "start_year": 1216, "end_year": 1323 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; First Pandyan Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "First Pandyan Empire", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 359, "polity": { "id": 628, "name": "sl_dambadeniya", "long_name": "Dambadaneiya", "start_year": 1232, "end_year": 1293 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity, elite migration; Polonnaruva", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "Polonnaruva", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "“Polonnaruva was abandoned after Māgha’s rule, and the next three kings ruled from Dambadeṇiya. One ruler made Yāpahuva his royal residence.” §REF§ (De Silva 1981, 82) De Silva, K.M. 1981. A History of Sri Lanka. London: C. Hurst & Company, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/4R6DQVHZ/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 360, "polity": { "id": 629, "name": "sl_anuradhapura_4", "long_name": "Anurādhapura IV", "start_year": 614, "end_year": 1017 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Anurādhapura III", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Anurādhapura III", "other_polity": { "id": 631, "name": "sl_anuradhapura_3", "long_name": "Anurādhapura III", "start_year": 428, "end_year": 614 }, "comment": null, "description": "“The Moriya challenge to the Lambakaṇṇas fizzled out by the end of the seventh century AD and the competition between them was replaced by a Lambakaṇṇa monopoly of power. But the comparative political stability of the period of the second Lambakaṇṇa dynasty owed less to the disappearance of the Moriya threat to their power than to other factors. Of these latter the most important had to do with the law of succession to the throne.” §REF§ (De Silva 1981, 19) De Silva, K.M. 1981. A History of Sri Lanka. London: C. Hurst & Company, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/4R6DQVHZ/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 361, "polity": { "id": 630, "name": "sl_polonnaruva", "long_name": "Polonnaruwa", "start_year": 1070, "end_year": 1255 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Chola Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Chola Empire", "other_polity": { "id": 397, "name": "in_chola_emp", "long_name": "Chola Empire", "start_year": 849, "end_year": 1280 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 362, "polity": { "id": 631, "name": "sl_anuradhapura_3", "long_name": "Anurādhapura III", "start_year": 428, "end_year": 614 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Anurādhapura II", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Anurādhapura II", "other_polity": { "id": 635, "name": "sl_anuradhapura_2", "long_name": "Anurādhapura II", "start_year": 70, "end_year": 428 }, "comment": null, "description": "“The first Lambakaṇṇa dynasty (established by Vasabha AD 67–111) retained its hold on the throne at Anurādhapura till the death of Mahānāma in AD 428, when the dynasty itself became extinct. In the confusion that followed his death there was a South Indian invasion, and Sinhalese rule—such as it was—was confined to Rohana. The Moriya Dhātusena led the struggle against the invader and for the restoration of Sinhalese power at Anurādhapura. His success brought the Moriyas to power but not to a pre-eminence such as that achieved by the Lambakaṇṇas in the past few centuries.” §REF§ (De Silva 1981, 18) De Silva, K.M. 1981. A History of Sri Lanka. London: C. Hurst & Company, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/4R6DQVHZ/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 363, "polity": { "id": 632, "name": "nl_dutch_emp_1", "long_name": "Dutch Empire", "start_year": 1648, "end_year": 1795 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "EsHabsb", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "EsHabsb", "other_polity": { "id": 84, "name": "es_spanish_emp_1", "long_name": "Spanish Empire I", "start_year": 1516, "end_year": 1715 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 364, "polity": { "id": 634, "name": "sl_jaffa_k", "long_name": "Jaffna", "start_year": 1310, "end_year": 1591 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Pandya Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Pandya Empire", "other_polity": { "id": 627, "name": "in_pandya_emp_3", "long_name": "Pandya Empire", "start_year": 1216, "end_year": 1323 }, "comment": null, "description": "\"The Pandyans dominated the north of Sri Lanka as they did the south in the second half of the thirteenth century under Jalavarman Sundara Pandya (1251-72). Their fortunes declined in the early fourteenth century, however. [...] The upheaval enabled the Tamil rulers of northern Sri Lanka to establish their independence.\" §REF§(Peebles 2006: 31) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/HJG4VBC5/collection.§REF§" }, { "id": 365, "polity": { "id": 635, "name": "sl_anuradhapura_2", "long_name": "Anurādhapura II", "start_year": 70, "end_year": 428 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Anurādhapura I", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Anurādhapura I", "other_polity": { "id": 633, "name": "sl_anuradhapura_1", "long_name": "Anurādhapura I", "start_year": -300, "end_year": 70 }, "comment": null, "description": "“The dynasty of Devānampiya Tissa became extinct in the first century AD. We do not know how this happened. One significant feature of the subsequent political history of Sri Lanka was that the right to the throne appeared to lie with one of two powerful clans, the Lambakaṇṇas and the Moriyas. By the beginning the first century AD the Lambakaṇṇas were established in power, enjoying by far the most prestige of all clans. Their claims to this position of primacy did not go unchallenged. The opposition came mainly from the Moriyas, who became in time their chief rivals for power. Their periodic struggles for the throne are a conspicuous feature of the history of this period.” §REF§ (De Silva 1981, 18) De Silva, K.M. 1981. A History of Sri Lanka. London: C. Hurst & Company, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/7F5SEVNA/items/4R6DQVHZ/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 366, "polity": { "id": 636, "name": "et_jimma_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Jimma", "start_year": 1790, "end_year": 1932 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "cultural assimilation; Kafa", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "absorption", "preceding_entity": "Kafa", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> “The conquest by the Galla, however, has not involved any ethnic or social separation between the first settlers and the new commers. In contrast to areas of Fulani conquest, or to Ankole, for example, there are, in Jimma, no major group distinctions on the basis of ethnic origin.” §REF§ (Lewis 2001, 38) Lewis, Herbert S. 2001. Jimma Abba Jifar, an Oromo Monarchy: Ethiopia, 1830-1932. Lawrenceville, New Jersey: The Red Sea Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/NRZVWSCD/collection §REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> “The people of Jimma claim that their predecessors in this area were the Kafa.” §REF§ (Lewis 2001, 35) Lewis, Herbert S. 2001. Jimma Abba Jifar, an Oromo Monarchy: Ethiopia, 1830-1932. Lawrenceville, New Jersey: The Red Sea Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/NRZVWSCD/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 367, "polity": { "id": 637, "name": "so_adal_sultanate", "long_name": "Adal Sultanate", "start_year": 1375, "end_year": 1543 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "elite migration; Ifat Sultanate", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "Ifat Sultanate", "other_polity": { "id": 646, "name": "so_ifat_sultanate", "long_name": "Ifat Sultanate", "start_year": 1280, "end_year": 1375 }, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> “It seems from this that when Haqedin and Se'adedin abandoned Ifat, they established themselves in an area which had formerly been called Adal. As militant leaders of a new anti-Christian movement in the whole area, the two Walasma princes probably overshadowed in importance the descendants of the original 'king of Adal', who may have abandoned the title in favour of their more successful Muslim brethren either by agreement or even by force. But there is no doubt that a new Walasma dynasty was then established in Adal by the great-great-grandsons of 'Umar Walasma of Ifat.” §REF§(Tamrat 2008, 149) Tamrat, Taddesse. 2008. ‘Ethiopia, the Red Sea and the Horn’ In the Cambridge History of Africa: c. 1050 – c.1600 vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp 98-182. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/search/Tamrat/titleCreatorYear/items/A68FCWWI/item-list §REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> “It seems from this that when Haqedin and Se'adedin abandoned Ifat, they established themselves in an area which had formerly been called Adal. As militant leaders of a new anti-Christian movement in the whole area, the two Walasma princes probably overshadowed in importance the descendants of the original 'king of Adal', who may have abandoned the title in favour of their more successful Muslim brethren either by agreement or even by force. But there is no doubt that a new Walasma dynasty was then established in Adal by the great-great-grandsons of 'Umar Walasma of Ifat.” §REF§ (Tamrat 2008, 149) Tamrat, Taddesse. 2008. ‘Ethiopia, the Red Sea and the Horn’ In the Cambridge History of Africa: c. 1050 – c.1600 vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp 98-182. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/search/Tamrat/titleCreatorYear/items/A68FCWWI/item-list §REF§" }, { "id": 368, "polity": { "id": 639, "name": "so_ajuran_sultanate", "long_name": "Ajuran Sultanate", "start_year": 1250, "end_year": 1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Adal Sulanate", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Adal Sulanate", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "“The Ajuuraan state is regarded as the successor to its more influential and resilient predecessors such as the Adal and Ifat – both of which spearheaded resistance against Christian Ethiopian and Portuguese aggression on the Horn of Africa.” §REF§ (Njoku 2013, 40) Njoku, Raphael C. 2013. The History of Somalia. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/U9FHBPZF/library §REF§" }, { "id": 369, "polity": { "id": 640, "name": "so_habr_yunis", "long_name": "Habr Yunis", "start_year": 1300, "end_year": 1886 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Isaaq Sultanate", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Isaaq Sultanate", "other_polity": { "id": 654, "name": "so_isaaq_sultanate", "long_name": "Isaaq Sultanate", "start_year": 1300, "end_year": 1886 }, "comment": null, "description": "It is important to note, that while Habr Yunis was part of the Isaaq Sultanate, it did however break from Isaaq in the mid-nineteenth century along with Habr Awal and Habr Jeclo due to internal conflict and disputes regarding trade routes. “The key figure among the Somalis in this affair was Haji Shirmarke Ali Salih (d.1861) who had begun his long and remarkable career as the friend and unofficial agent of the British by rescuing the survivors of the Mary Ann in 1825 […] The fact that Leigh’s 1838 journal fails to mention him may mean that he had temporarily lost influence in Berbera and was concentrating his activities upon Zeila, of which he was to become governor (for the Turkish Empire)in about 1843. But even after this Shirmarke was deeply involved in Berbera affairs intervening in disputes among the lineages of the Habr Awal clan section for supremacy in the port. Shirmarke himself claimed direct decent from the founder of the great Isaq clan group and was the dominant political figure (although not the titular hereditary leader) of the Habr Yunis (Girhajis) clan. By the time of Burton’s expedition, all the Awal had come to dislike Shirmarke, it seems. This was probably because he had tried to make Zeila rather than Berbera the main outlet for the Harar caravan trade.” §REF§ (Bridges 1986, 682-683) Bridges, Roy. 1986. ‘The Visit of Frederick Forbes to the Somali Coast in 1833.’ The International Journal of African Historical Studies. Vol. 19:4. Pp 679-691. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/G3PNH843/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 370, "polity": { "id": 642, "name": "so_geledi_sultanate", "long_name": "Sultanate of Geledi", "start_year": 1750, "end_year": 1911 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "elite migration; Ajuran Sultanate", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "Ajuran Sultanate", "other_polity": { "id": 639, "name": "so_ajuran_sultanate", "long_name": "Ajuran Sultanate", "start_year": 1250, "end_year": 1700 }, "comment": null, "description": "“By the beginning of the eighteenth century, the Ajuuraan state had broken apart under constant Portuguese harassment. Part of the problems that brought about its fall were the tyrannical inclinations of its later rulers, whose style of leadership eroded internal unity and destroyed trust among its supporters. The result was the fragmentation of the kingdom into several smaller kingdoms and states such as the Gobroon Dynasty, the Warsangali Sultanate, and the Bari Dynasty. §REF§ (Njoku 2013, 41) Njoku, Raphael C. 2013. The History of Somalia. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/U9FHBPZF/library §REF§" }, { "id": 371, "polity": { "id": 646, "name": "so_ifat_sultanate", "long_name": "Ifat Sultanate", "start_year": 1280, "end_year": 1375 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "cultural assimilation; Sultanate of Shoa", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "absorption", "preceding_entity": "Sultanate of Shoa", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> “The marriage alliance did not last for long, and Ifat and Shoa plunged into a series of armed conflicts which resulted in the complete annexation of the sultanate of Shoa by ‘Umar Walasma in 1285. Thus, the old sultanate was no longer in existence, and its leading position as the Muslim vanguard was taken by the more viable kingdom of Ifat.” §REF§ (Tamrat 2008, 140) Tamrat, Taddesse. 2008. ‘Ethiopia, the Red Sea and the Horn’ In the Cambridge History of Africa: c. 1050 – c.1600 vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp 98-182. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/search/Tamrat/titleCreatorYear/items/A68FCWWI/item-list §REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> “In the fourteenth century, the Arab historian al-‘Umari also tells us that a local Semitic language was spoken in the Kingdom of Ifat, which, as we shall see, later replaced the sultanate of Shoa.” §REF§ (Tamrat 2008, 107) Tamrat, Taddesse. 2008. ‘Ethiopia, the Red Sea and the Horn’ In the Cambridge History of Africa: c. 1050 – c.1600 vol. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp 98-182. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/search/Tamrat/titleCreatorYear/items/A68FCWWI/item-list §REF§" }, { "id": 372, "polity": { "id": 647, "name": "er_medri_bahri", "long_name": "Medri Bahri", "start_year": 1310, "end_year": 1889 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Kingdom of Bazin", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Kingdom of Bazin", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "NB Bazin chosen as \"preceding quasipolity\" somewhat arbitrarily. “In 750 A.D., the Bejas established five independent kingdoms: Nagash, Belgin, Bazin, Jarin and Quaitala. These kingdoms exercised political domination in Eritrea and northeastern Sudan until the fourteenth and fifteenth century. After the fourteenth century, Eritrea came to be known as the country of Medri-Bahri (Land of the Sea).” §REF§ (Cliffe and Basil 1988, 12) Cliffe, Lionel and Basil, Davidson. 1988. The Long Struggle of Eritrea for Independence and Constructive Peace. Trenton, New Jersey: The Red Sea Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/ZBEU6QM6/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 373, "polity": { "id": 649, "name": "et_funj_sultanate", "long_name": "Funj Sultanate", "start_year": 1504, "end_year": 1820 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "elite migration; Kingdom of Alwa", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "Kingdom of Alwa", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "“The first historically known Funj ruler, Amara Dunqas, defeated the Christian kingdom of Alwa in 1504, and founded Sinnar as the capital of a Funj kingdom which reached north to the third cataract, south to the foothills of Ethiopia, and east to the desert of Kordofan.” §REF§ (Lapidus 2002, 429) Lapidus, Ira M. 2002. A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/QW9XHCIW/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 374, "polity": { "id": 650, "name": "et_kaffa_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Kaffa", "start_year": 1390, "end_year": 1897 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "elite migration; Mato Dynasty", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "Mato Dynasty", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "Sometime in the fourteenth century the Minjo kings of Kafa took over the throne of the Mato Dynasty. “The most often repeated legend in Kafa has to do with the Minjo’s usurpation of the throne from the Mato clan, an event which Bieber dates to the fourteenth century.” §REF§ (Orent 1970, 268) Orent, Amnon. 1970. ‘Refocusing on the History of Kafa Prior to 1897: A Discussion of Political Processes’. African Historical Studies. Vol. 3:2. Pp 263-293. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/2A389XGK/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 375, "polity": { "id": 652, "name": "et_harar_emirate", "long_name": "Emirate of Harar", "start_year": 1650, "end_year": 1875 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Imamate of Aussa", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Imamate of Aussa", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "“Founded about the middle of the seventeenth century by Ali b. Dawud, the sultanate of Harar, more than any other political unit which grew out of the ruins of Awsa, could be considered as the successor of Adal.” §REF§ (Abir 2008, 552) Abir, Mordecai. 2008. ‘Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa’ In The Cambridge History of Africa c. 1600 – c. 1790. Edited by Richard Gray. Vol 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp 537-577. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/search/Abir/titleCreatorYear/items/JHH9VH96/item-list §REF§" }, { "id": 376, "polity": { "id": 653, "name": "et_aussa_sultanate", "long_name": "Early Sultanate of Aussa", "start_year": 1734, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "elite migration; Imamate of Aussa", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "Imamate of Aussa", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> “Farther north, the imamate of Awsa passed by the middle of the seventeenth century into the hands of immigrant Sharifs of the Ba-Alawu family of the Hadhramaut. This dynasty, however was unable to protect Awsa from Galla and Dankali raids. Finally, in the first decades of the eighteenth century, Awsa was overrun by the Mudaito tribe of the Asaimara branch of the Danakil, who formed a new Mudaito dynasty of Awsa.” §REF§ (Abir 2008, 554) Abir, M. 2008. ‘Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa’ In The Cambridge History of Africa c. 1600 – c. 1790. Edited by Richard Gray. Vol 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/JHH9VH96/library §REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> “The Aussa Sultanate or Afar Sultanate succeeded the Imamate of Aussa […] The sultanate was subsequently re-established by Kedafu in 1734.” §REF§ (Mekonnen 2013, 47) Mekonnen, Yohannes K. 2013. Ethiopia: The Land, Its People, History and Culture. New Africa Press. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/QQ9ZECMI/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 377, "polity": { "id": 655, "name": "ni_proto_yoruba", "long_name": "Proto-Yoruba", "start_year": 301, "end_year": 649 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Archaic Proto-Yoruboid", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Archaic Proto-Yoruboid", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 378, "polity": { "id": 656, "name": "ni_yoruba_classic", "long_name": "Classical Ife", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1400 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Preclassic Ife", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Preclassic Ife", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "\"The archaeological sequence of Ile-Ife has been broadly delineated into three major cultural-historical periods (Eyo, 1974a, p. 409; Willett, 1967a). These are: \"pre-Classic\" (pre-twelfth century), \"Classic\" (twelfth-sixteenth century), and \"post-Classic\" (sixteenth-nineteenth century) periods. Historical investigations indicate that the period began about the fifth century AD with the fusion of scattered independent villages into multivillage polities, each characterized by a central agency of coordination but without powerful royal dynasties, centralized governments, or urban centers (Obayemi, 1985, p. 261). A formal kingship institution and an urban center were forged from these loose sociopolitical unions between the tenth and eleventh centuries to herald what has been described as the Oduduwa or Classical period (Adediran, 1992; Olomola, 1992, pp. 51-61 Willett, 1967a).\"§REF§<(Ogundiran 2002: 41)§REF§" }, { "id": 379, "polity": { "id": 657, "name": "ni_formative_yoruba", "long_name": "Late Formative Yoruba", "start_year": 650, "end_year": 1049 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Early Formative Yoruba", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Early Formative Yoruba", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 380, "polity": { "id": 661, "name": "ni_oyo_emp_2", "long_name": "Ilú-ọba Ọ̀yọ́", "start_year": 1601, "end_year": 1835 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Early Oyo Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Early Oyo Empire", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "There was an interval during which the Nupe occupied Oyo territory, approx. 1535–1600. The Oyo ruling dynasty took refuge in neighbouring Borgu, but re-established the Empire in an even more centralised and expansive form (the Late Oyo Empire) after that. For a while after reclaiming Oyo from the Nupe, the capital was Oyo-Igboho. However, Oyo Ile was soon rebuilt and became the capital again." }, { "id": 381, "polity": { "id": 662, "name": "ni_whydah_k", "long_name": "Whydah", "start_year": 1671, "end_year": 1727 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Allada", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Allada", "other_polity": { "id": 659, "name": "ni_allada_k", "long_name": "Allada", "start_year": 1100, "end_year": 1724 }, "comment": null, "description": "“The Kingdom of Whydah (Hueda),1 situated on the \"Slave Coast\" of West Africa (in what is today the Republic of Benin), emerged as an independent power only in the late seventeenth century. Earlier, it had apparently been an unimportant dependency of the larger kingdom of Allada, in the interior to the north-east.” §REF§Law, Robin. “‘The Common People Were Divided’: Monarchy, Aristocracy and Political Factionalism in the Kingdom of Whydah, 1671-1727.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol. 23, no. 2, 1990, pp. 201–29: 201. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/8JKAH2V5/collection§REF§ “The politics of Whydah were also profoundly influenced by its relations with its more powerful neighbor to the north-east, the kingdom of Allada. Several European sources of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries report that Whydah had in early times been subject to Alladah. The origin of this relationship, according to one account, was that the territory had belonged to Allada prior to the settlement in it of the founders of the Whydah kingdom. At some point, however, Whydah had revolted, defeated Allada in battle, and made itself independent. […] Whydah continued in some sense to acknowledge the sovereignty or suzerainty of Allada. Even after its rebellion the kings of Whydah continued to make occasional payments to those of Allada, which it is said the latter regarded as tribute but the former merely as gifts.” §REF§Law, Robin. “‘The Common People Were Divided’: Monarchy, Aristocracy and Political Factionalism in the Kingdom of Whydah, 1671-1727.” The International Journal of African Historical Studies, vol. 23, no. 2, 1990, pp. 201–29: 213. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/8JKAH2V5/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 382, "polity": { "id": 664, "name": "ni_proto_yoruboid", "long_name": "Proto-Yoruboid", "start_year": -300, "end_year": 300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Pre-Archaic Benue-Kwa", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Pre-Archaic Benue-Kwa", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> \"The adjustment to and consequences of the ecological crisis of the Archaic period also instigated other processes of cultural change that launched the proto-Yoruboid people on the path of sociopolitical and demographic differentiation from several of their proto-Benue-Kwa peers in the confluence area. Until the beginning of the first millennium AD, the proto-Yoruboid were undifferentiated from the other confluence language communities in group size, modes of subsistence, and technology. But as the nine-month dry season became the new normal in the guinea savanna and as several water sources dried up, it became more frequent for communities, households, and individuals to branch off from the older units in search of greener pastures.”§REF§(Ogundiran 2020: 42)§REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> \"The proto-Yoruboid was one of the language communities that developed from the proto-Benue-Kwa expansion between ca. 4000 and 2500 BC.\"§REF§(Ogundiran 2020: 35)§REF§" }, { "id": 383, "polity": { "id": 666, "name": "ni_sokoto_cal", "long_name": "Sokoto Caliphate", "start_year": 1804, "end_year": 1904 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Hausa Kingdoms", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Hausa Kingdoms", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> “In 1804, Usman dan Fodio, a Fulani, led a series of jihads that subsumed the Hausa Kingdoms in the Sokoto Caliphate. During this period, the Hausa established a literary tradition of recording royal history, praising leaders through poetry, cataloging commercial activity, and celebrating Islam. In 1903, the British and French dismantled the caliphate.” §REF§Falola, Toyin, and Ann Genova. Historical Dictionary of Nigeria. The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2009: 148. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/SJAIVKDW/collection§REF§ “The Sokoto Caliphate system was based squarely on the strength of its ideals and programmes, which the mujahhidun articulated within an Islamic religious framework. In the course of their attacks on the Hausa kingdoms, the leaders of the jihad offered an alternative set of political, economic and social principles which they called the \"structures of Muslim government\" as opposed to what they termed the \"structures of non-Muslim government\".” §REF§Chafe, Kabiru Sulaiman. “Challenges to the Hegemony of the Sokoto Caliphate: A Preliminary Examination.” Paideuma, vol. 40, 1994, pp. 99–109: 100–101. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/ZANHCUFH/collection§REF§ “The course which the Jihad took is beyond the scope of this paper. It suffices to say that Birnin Kebbi, the new capital of Kebbi, was the first to fall to the Jihadists in 1805. In 1807 Katsina, Daura and Kano were all taken over by the Jihadists, while in 1808 Alkalawa, the capital of Gobir was sacked and Sarkin Gobir Yunfa slain. With this, the centuries old Hausa dynasties were destroyed and in their places new ones came into being. The various Hausa states metamorphosed into emirates paying allegiance to Sokoto, the new capital of the Sokoto Caliphate.” §REF§Maishanu, H. M., & Maishanu, I. M. (1999). The Jihād and the Formation of the Sokoto Caliphate. Islamic Studies, 38(1), 119–131: 128. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/FS9AKXPF/collection§REF§ “With the initial military action over, the various emirates were knitted together into the Sokoto Caliphate.” §REF§Maishanu, H. M., & Maishanu, I. M. (1999). The Jihād and the Formation of the Sokoto Caliphate. Islamic Studies, 38(1), 119–131: 129. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/FS9AKXPF/collection§REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> “The Hausa Kingdoms were organized under a hereditary chief, or emir, who was advised by a council of title-holders. The kingdom, or emirate, was divided into districts, with each under a district head. The Hausa kingdom, or emirate, structure, for the most part, remained unaltered during the 19th century. These first seven kingdoms are referred to as the Hausa bakwai (“Hausa states”) or Habe kingdoms. Of these seven, the most influential were Kano and Zazzau. Hausa oral tradition also says that Bayajidda had several illegitimate children, who founded seven kingdoms: Gwari, Kebbi, Kwararafa, Nupe, Zamfara, Yoruba, and Jukun. These kingdoms are referred to as the banza bakwai (“bastard states”). Some oral sources identify these kingdoms as being not of blood relation to Bayajidda or the Hausa. Much more evidence exists for this version. Scholars may exclude Zamfara and Kwararafa and include Yauri and Borgu in the list of seven states. Historians often describe these Hausa Kingdoms as city-states. Almost all of these Hausa Kingdoms became part of the Sokoto Caliphate in the 19th century.” §REF§Falola, Toyin, and Ann Genova. Historical Dictionary of Nigeria. The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2009: 149. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/SJAIVKDW/collection§REF§ “The victory at Tafkin Kwatto together with the impacts of the Wathiqat Ahl al-Siiddn increased support for the Shehu and convinced many not only of his sincerity but also certainty of victory. Many people who were sitting on the fence decided to take sides; admirers, students and disciples all flocked to Shehu's standard and swelled his army; some came to receive permission and blessing to carry on with the Jihad in their own localities. Rulers of the major Hausa states in the area, acting in consonance with, and by the advice of Sarkin Gobir Yunfa stepped up pressure against Shehu's supporters and soon the whole of Hausaland was engulfed in Jihad.” §REF§Maishanu, H. M., & Maishanu, I. M. (1999). The Jihād and the Formation of the Sokoto Caliphate. Islamic Studies, 38(1), 119–131: 128. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/FS9AKXPF/collection§REF§ “The Jihad spread into wider areas of the Northern Nigerian area. Twice, the capital of Kanem-Borno, Ngazargamu, was sacked by the Jihddists and by the time a settlement was reached, a substantial part of Borno was curved into the emirates of Hadejia, Katagum and Misau.” §REF§Maishanu, H. M., & Maishanu, I. M. (1999). The Jihād and the Formation of the Sokoto Caliphate. Islamic Studies, 38(1), 119–131: 129. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/FS9AKXPF/collection§REF§ “Downwards towards the Bauchi Plateau, Benue and Gongola rivers a whole chain of emirates; Bauchi, Gombe, Adamawa and Muri, emerged all under the Sokoto Caliphate. In the south west, the emirate of Nufe was established. The Jihad wars led to the collapse of the old Oyo empire and the emergence of Ibadan, Ijesha and the incorporation of its northern province of Ilorin into the Sokoto Caliphate.” §REF§Maishanu, H. M., & Maishanu, I. M. (1999). The Jihād and the Formation of the Sokoto Caliphate. Islamic Studies, 38(1), 119–131: 129. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/FS9AKXPF/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 384, "polity": { "id": 667, "name": "ni_igala_k", "long_name": "Igala", "start_year": 1600, "end_year": 1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "elite migration; Kwararafa", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "Kwararafa", "other_polity": { "id": 658, "name": "ni_kwararafa", "long_name": "Kwararafa", "start_year": 596, "end_year": 1820 }, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> “There is every indication of the existence of a quite extensive settlement on the Niger in the vicinity of Idah, long before the advent of the Atas which at some early date came under the influence of, and paid tribute to, the Jukun king of Wukari.” §REF§Clifford, Miles, and Richmond Palmer. “A Nigerian Chiefdom.” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 66, 1936, pp. 393–435: 395. zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/TF7MM698/collection§REF§ “[T]here is little reason to doubt that it had its origins in the migratory movement from Wukari led, initially, by Abutu Eje, which covered a period of several generations in its gradual westerly percolation through the Agatu country to the vicinity of Amagedde on the Benue. Again, it is reasonable to assume that throughout this period the movement was reinforced by contingents of kinsmen, friends and malcontents from Wukari and by local adherents following inter-marriage. Its actual motive is obscure; by some it is said that Abutu was an unsuccessful candidate for the kingship and took himself off in disgust; by others, that he was banished from the Court for misconduct (a common penalty) or, yet again, that he was sent to Idah as Governor by the Jukun King, the Aku Uka. // “Whichever of these may have been the true reason it is generally conceded that the migration was attended by continuous armed friction with the Jukun state which, it is said, disapproved strongly of Abutu's secession and his ideas of setting up an independent kingdom in what was regarded by the former as one of its spheres of influence.” §REF§Clifford, Miles, and Richmond Palmer. “A Nigerian Chiefdom.” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 66, 1936, pp. 393–435: 396. zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/TF7MM698/collection§REF§ “So began the regime of the Atas at Idah. It is not possible to fix any reliable date for this event, but we shall not be very far wrong in assigning the colonisation of the Agatu-Ocheku-Amara area to the early part of the 17th century, and Ayagba's arrival at Idah towards its close.” §REF§Clifford, Miles, and Richmond Palmer. “A Nigerian Chiefdom.” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 66, 1936, pp. 393–435: 397. zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/TF7MM698/collection§REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> Kwararafa was generally a Jukun-led polity centred on Wukari: “There is every indication of the existence of a quite extensive settlement on the Niger in the vicinity of Idah, long before the advent of the Atas which at some early date came under the influence of, and paid tribute to, the Jukun king of Wukari.” §REF§Clifford, Miles, and Richmond Palmer. “A Nigerian Chiefdom.” The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. 66, 1936, pp. 393–435: 395. zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/TF7MM698/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 385, "polity": { "id": 670, "name": "ni_bornu_emp", "long_name": "Kanem-Borno", "start_year": 1380, "end_year": 1893 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "elite migration, population migration; Kanem", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "population replacement", "preceding_entity": "Kanem", "other_polity": { "id": 614, "name": "cd_kanem", "long_name": "Kanem", "start_year": 800, "end_year": 1379 }, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> “Kanem was a state to the north-east of Lake Chad whose ruling dynasty, the Seyfawa, abandoned their homeland for ‘Kaga’, the clay plains of Borno, in the fourteenth century. Ancient Ghana, Mali and Songhai have long since disappeared, but Kanem’s successor state, Borno, survived until the beginning of colonial rule. The Seyfawa ruled until the early nineteenth century, one of the longest surviving dynasties in world history.” §REF§Isichei, E. (1997). A History of African Societies to 1870. Cambridge University Press: 230. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/Z4GK27CI/collection§REF§, “Kanem was a state to the north-east of Lake Chad whose ruling dynasty, the Seyfawa, abandoned their homeland for ‘Kaga’, the clay plains of Borno, in the fourteenth century. Ancient Ghana, Mali and Songhai have long since disappeared, but Kanem’s successor state, Borno, survived until the beginning of colonial rule. The Seyfawa ruled until the early nineteenth century, one of the longest surviving dynasties in world history.” §REF§Isichei, E. (1997). A History of African Societies to 1870. Cambridge University Press: 230. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/Z4GK27CI/collection§REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> “Kanem was a state to the north-east of Lake Chad whose ruling dynasty, the Seyfawa, abandoned their homeland for ‘Kaga’, the clay plains of Borno, in the fourteenth century.” §REF§Isichei, E. (1997). A History of African Societies to 1870. Cambridge University Press: 230. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/Z4GK27CI/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 386, "polity": { "id": 671, "name": "ni_dahomey_k", "long_name": "Foys", "start_year": 1715, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Allada", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Allada", "other_polity": { "id": 659, "name": "ni_allada_k", "long_name": "Allada", "start_year": 1100, "end_year": 1724 }, "comment": null, "description": "“The rise of the Fon kingdom of Dahomey is a well-studied theme of West African history. Founded probably in the first half of the seventeenth century, Dahomey was originally subordinate to the kingdom of Allada, from whom it asserted its independence only in 1715. Under its fourth ruler Agaja (d. 1740), Dahomey proceeded to conquer both Allada in 1724 and the coastal kingdom of Whydah (itself also a former dependency of Allada) in 1727, thus becoming the dominant power in the region.” §REF§Law, R. (1989). ‘My Head Belongs to the King’: On the Political and Ritual Significance of Decapitation in Pre-Colonial Dahomey. The Journal of African History, 30(3), 399–415: 399. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/5335RH4I/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 387, "polity": { "id": 672, "name": "ni_benin_emp", "long_name": "Benin Empire", "start_year": 1140, "end_year": 1897 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "elite migration, continuity; Igodomingodo", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Igodomingodo", "other_polity": { "id": 660, "name": "ni_igodomingodo", "long_name": "Igodomingodo", "start_year": 900, "end_year": 1450 }, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> Most texts refer to the first Oba’s origins in Ile Ife. But some suggest Oranmiyan was a native Bini, who spent time away but returned to assume the kingship. “The Ɔghɛnɛ (Ɔmi,to give him his Yoruba title) was the ruler of Ile Ife, the cosmic metropolis of the Yoruba people to the west and, for most of the states of the Bight of Benin, the cradle of divine kingship. He sent his son Oranmiyan, who, however, found Benin uncongenial, so after a short stay he departed for home, but not before he had impregnated the daughter of an Edo village chief. She bore a son, who in the course of time was enthroned under the name Eweka.” §REF§Bradbury, R. E. (1967). The Kingdom of Benin. In West African Kingdoms in the Nineteenth Century (Repr, pp. 1–35). Published for the International African Institute by Oxford University Press: 2. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/Z8DJIKP8/collection§REF§ Eisenhofer refers to the views of Edebiri, Air Iyare, Edun Akenzua and Omoregie: “In these four, newer, versions of the 'origins' of Benin kingship, Egharevba's foreign prince Oranmiyan has been changed into a native Bini and the founder of the Oba dynasty identified as either Ogiso Ekaladerhan himself or one of his sons. These dramatically different descriptions of the founding of the dynasty as a result of Oranmiyan's return home to Benin City result in, among other things, constructing an unbroken dynastic succession of rulers from the early Ogiso.” §REF§Eisenhofer, S. (1995). The Origins of the Benin Kingship in the Works of Jacob Egharevba. History in Africa, 22, 141–163: 152. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/WR8MRZAW/collection§REF§, Most texts refer to the first Oba’s origins in Ile Ife. But some suggest Oranmiyan was a native Bini, who spent time away but returned to assume the kingship. “The Ɔghɛnɛ (Ɔmi,to give him his Yoruba title) was the ruler of Ile Ife, the cosmic metropolis of the Yoruba people to the west and, for most of the states of the Bight of Benin, the cradle of divine kingship. He sent his son Oranmiyan, who, however, found Benin uncongenial, so after a short stay he departed for home, but not before he had impregnated the daughter of an Edo village chief. She bore a son, who in the course of time was enthroned under the name Eweka.” §REF§Bradbury, R. E. (1967). The Kingdom of Benin. In West African Kingdoms in the Nineteenth Century (Repr, pp. 1–35). Published for the International African Institute by Oxford University Press: 2. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/Z8DJIKP8/collection§REF§ Eisenhofer refers to the views of Edebiri, Air Iyare, Edun Akenzua and Omoregie: “In these four, newer, versions of the 'origins' of Benin kingship, Egharevba's foreign prince Oranmiyan has been changed into a native Bini and the founder of the Oba dynasty identified as either Ogiso Ekaladerhan himself or one of his sons. These dramatically different descriptions of the founding of the dynasty as a result of Oranmiyan's return home to Benin City result in, among other things, constructing an unbroken dynastic succession of rulers from the early Ogiso.” §REF§Eisenhofer, S. (1995). The Origins of the Benin Kingship in the Works of Jacob Egharevba. History in Africa, 22, 141–163: 152. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/WR8MRZAW/collection§REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> Also known as Igodomigodo, Ugodomigodo, Ubini and Igobo Kingdom. Talking about Ogiso dynasty: “At that time the country was known as Ugodomigodo. (Egharevba 1936:7)” §REF§Eisenhofer, S. (1995). The Origins of the Benin Kingship in the Works of Jacob Egharevba. History in Africa, 22, 141–163: 145. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/WR8MRZAW/collection§REF§ “At that time the country was known as Igodomingodo. (Egharevba 1953:4)” §REF§Eisenhofer, S. (1995). The Origins of the Benin Kingship in the Works of Jacob Egharevba. History in Africa, 22, 141–163: 146. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/WR8MRZAW/collection§REF§ “The first dynasty in Benin has been referred to as the Igobo monarchy and was apparently founded in c. 942-969. For more details about the Igodo dynasty refer to Egharevba (1960, 1-5) and Egharevba (1965) (also appearing with twelve other publications by the same author in a Kraus Reprint, Nendeln, 1973).” §REF§Sargent, R. A. (1986). From A Redistribution to an Imperial Social Formation: Benin c.1293-1536. Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne Des Études Africaines, 20(3), 402–427: 422. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/AUEZSTBR/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 388, "polity": { "id": 673, "name": "ni_wukari_fed", "long_name": "Wukari Federation", "start_year": 1820, "end_year": 1899 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Kwararafa", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Kwararafa", "other_polity": { "id": 658, "name": "ni_kwararafa", "long_name": "Kwararafa", "start_year": 596, "end_year": 1820 }, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> “In the 19th century the Jukun were the rulers of the most prominent successor state - the Kingdom of Wukari - which claimed continuity with the town Kororofa (remark the difference between the town Kororofa and the kingdom or empire Kwararafa).” §REF§Dinslage, S., & Leger, R. (1996). Language and Migration the Impact of the Jukun on Chadic Speaking Groups in the Benue-Gongola Basin. Berichte Des Sonderforschungsbereichs – Universität Frankfurt Am Main., 268(8), 67–75: 68. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/8TZKHY4E/collection§REF§ “Strange to say, no tradition exists to-day as to the fall of this city and empire; even the name Kororofa has disappeared, though it seems to have persisted down to about 1860. The truth is that the state crumbled away before the insidious advance of the Fulani helped, as is always the case, by treachery from within. // “About 1815, frightened at the defection of one of their notables, Anju of Dampar, the Jukuns melted away before Buba Yero of Gombe and Abu Bakr, Alkali Dagara. They fled westward and settled in Kasan Chiki, the salt district round Awe, and amongst the Munshis to the south of the river. Later a remnant returned and founded or rebuilt Wukari, their present capital, 23 miles south of Ibi. Burba of Bakundi finally destroyed what remained of the city of Kororofa.” §REF§Ruxton, F. H. (1908). Notes on the Tribes of the Muri Province. Journal of the Royal African Society, 7(28), 374–386: 379. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/2AXUQGFB/collection§REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> Sometimes written as Kororofa. Early part of the nineteenth century saw the fall of Kwararafa, and by mid-nineteenth century it was Wukari, but the exact timeline is unclear. “The importance of Wukari in the tradition of origin, migration and settlement of the Jukun people can well be understood from the background that it is now the successor of the Kwararafa State.” §REF§Zhema, S. (2017). A History of the Social and Political Organization of the Jukun of Wukari Division, c.1596–1960 [Benue State University]: 63. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/U667CC36/collection§REF§ “After 1800, the Fulani also brought Jukun under their control.” §REF§Davidson, B. (2014). West Africa Before the Colonia Era: A History to 1850. Taylor and Francis: 120. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/XNXIN893/collection§REF§ “In the 19th century the Jukun were the rulers of the most prominent successor state - the Kingdom of Wukari - which claimed continuity with the town Kororofa (remark the difference between the town Kororofa and the kingdom or empire Kwararafa).” §REF§Dinslage, S., & Leger, R. (1996). Language and Migration the Impact of the Jukun on Chadic Speaking Groups in the Benue-Gongola Basin. Berichte Des Sonderforschungsbereichs – Universität Frankfurt Am Main., 268(8), 67–75: 68. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/8TZKHY4E/collection§REF§ Referring to the 1804 Sokoto (Fulani) jihad: “As for Wukari, it too was threatened by the Fulani. It had seen its satrapies smashed by Buba Yero on the Gongola. The Emirate of Muri represented a potential threat. But the Jukun were also threatened by the Tiv on the other side and had to call on occasional Fulani assistance. Borno could be of little help in all this, especially after the collapse on the Gongola, but there would have been a certain nostalgia for the old, more peaceful times when Borno and Kwararafa had co-existed in a state of mutual forebearance and respect.” §REF§Gavin, R. J. (1979). Some Perspectives on Nigerian History. Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, 9(4), 15–38: 37. https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/BPED9ADF/collection§REF§" }, { "id": 389, "polity": { "id": 674, "name": "se_cayor_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Cayor", "start_year": 1549, "end_year": 1864 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Kingdom of Jolof", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Kingdom of Jolof", "other_polity": { "id": 682, "name": "se_jolof_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Jolof", "start_year": 1549, "end_year": 1865 }, "comment": null, "description": "“1549: Kayor became the last state to secede from the declining Kingdom of Djolof.” §REF§ (Europa Publications 2003, 358) Europa Publications. 2003. A Political Chronology of Africa. London: Taylor and Francis. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/528D563M/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 390, "polity": { "id": 675, "name": "se_saloum_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Saloum", "start_year": 1490, "end_year": 1863 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Jolof Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Jolof Empire", "other_polity": { "id": 679, "name": "se_jolof_emp", "long_name": "Jolof Empire", "start_year": 1360, "end_year": 1549 }, "comment": null, "description": "“All three capitals: Kahone, Diakhao, and Lambaye, were established in the mid-sixteenth century when the fertile coastal provinces of the Empire of Jolof- an inland empire established in the thirteenth century-gained independence.” §REF§ (Bigon and Ross 2020, 42) Bigon, Liora and Ross, Eric. 2020. Grid Planning in the Urban Design Practices of Senegal. London: Springer. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/MM67I638/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 391, "polity": { "id": 676, "name": "se_baol_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Baol", "start_year": 1550, "end_year": 1890 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Jolof Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Jolof Empire", "other_polity": { "id": 679, "name": "se_jolof_emp", "long_name": "Jolof Empire", "start_year": 1360, "end_year": 1549 }, "comment": null, "description": "“All three capitals: Kahone, Diakhao, and Lambaye, were established in the mid-sixteenth century when the fertile coastal provinces of the Empire of Jolof- an inland empire established in the thirteenth century-gained independence.” §REF§ (Bigon and Ross 2020, 42) Bigon, Liora and Ross, Eric. 2020. Grid Planning in the Urban Design Practices of Senegal. London: Springer. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/MM67I638/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 392, "polity": { "id": 677, "name": "se_sine_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Sine", "start_year": 1350, "end_year": 1887 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Jolof Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Jolof Empire", "other_polity": { "id": 679, "name": "se_jolof_emp", "long_name": "Jolof Empire", "start_year": 1360, "end_year": 1549 }, "comment": null, "description": "“All three capitals: Kahone, Diakhao, and Lambaye, were established in the mid-sixteenth century when the fertile coastal provinces of the Empire of Jolof- an inland empire established in the thirteenth century-gained independence.” §REF§ (Bigon and Ross 2020, 42) Bigon, Liora and Ross, Eric. 2020. Grid Planning in the Urban Design Practices of Senegal. London: Springer. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/MM67I638/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 393, "polity": { "id": 679, "name": "se_jolof_emp", "long_name": "Jolof Empire", "start_year": 1360, "end_year": 1549 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Mali Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Mali Empire", "other_polity": { "id": 229, "name": "ml_mali_emp", "long_name": "Mali Empire", "start_year": 1230, "end_year": 1410 }, "comment": null, "description": "“La chronologie des moyennes des règnes nous donne 1349-1358 et se raapproche de celle d’Amadou (1322-1338) qui semble être la plus probable. Ce résultat nous amène à formular l’hypothèse selon laquelle la formation du Dyolof en tant qu’Empire daterait seulement de la fin du XIII- début XIV siècle, en relation avec le décline de l’empire du Mali dont l’hégémonie s’étendait plus ou moins jusqu’à l’océan Atlantique.” §REF§ (Barry and Amin 1985, 318) Barry, Boubacar and Amin, Samir. 1985. Le Royaume du Waalo: le Sénégal avant le Conquête. Paris: Karthala. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/search/Amir/titleCreatorYear/items/7FSQKPU9/item-list §REF§" }, { "id": 394, "polity": { "id": 680, "name": "se_futa_toro_imamate", "long_name": "Imamate of Futa Toro", "start_year": 1776, "end_year": 1860 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Empire of Great Fulo", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Empire of Great Fulo", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "“The first Muslim success was on the banks of the Senegal river. In 1776, the torodbe, the Muslim clerics of Futa Toro, deposed the denianke rulers and formed a theocratic state.” §REF§ (Klein 1972, 429) Klein, Martin A. 1972. ‘Social and Economic Factors in the Muslim Revolution in Senegambia.’ The Journal of Africa History. Vol. 13:3. Pp 419-441. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/ZJRN8UJ8/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 395, "polity": { "id": 681, "name": "se_great_fulo_emp", "long_name": "Denyanke Kingdom", "start_year": 1490, "end_year": 1776 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Songhay Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Songhay Empire", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "“His father Tengela, of Ba Patronym (one of the four classical patronyms of Fula people) rebelled against central imperial Songhay rule in the late fifteenth century because of oppression against nomadic communities such as his.” §REF§ (Ba Konare 2021, 32) Ba Konare, Dougoukolo Alpha Oumar. 2021. National Narratives of Mali: Fula Communities in Times of Crisis. Minneapolis: Lexington Books. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/F4IZCXAQ/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 396, "polity": { "id": 682, "name": "se_jolof_k", "long_name": "Kingdom of Jolof", "start_year": 1549, "end_year": 1865 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Jolof Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Jolof Empire", "other_polity": { "id": 679, "name": "se_jolof_emp", "long_name": "Jolof Empire", "start_year": 1360, "end_year": 1549 }, "comment": null, "description": "“The Jolof empire was a successor state to the Ghana and Takrur and dominated the Senegambian region for several centuries. Its territiories included the Wolof provinces of Jolof, Waalo, Kajoor, and Bawol, and the Sereer provinces of Siin and Saalum, all of which later became independent kingdoms. Wolof tradition date the end of the empire to the battle of Danki in 1549, when the ruler of Kajoor led a rebellion, that broke up the empire and created six successor kingdoms. The enrichment of the coastal provinces through Atlantic commerce hurt Jolof, which was located inland to the south of the Senegal River.” §REF§ (Searing, 2004) Searing, James. 2004. ‘Wolof and Jolof Empires.’ In Encyclopedia of African History. London: Routledge. Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/WM3HCI97/collection §REF§" }, { "id": 397, "polity": { "id": 683, "name": "ug_buganda_k_2", "long_name": "Buganda II", "start_year": 1717, "end_year": 1894 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Early Buganda", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Early Buganda", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "\"Buganda’s position in 1700 was markedly different from that in 1500. The sixteenth century, when Buganda experienced massive invasion from Bunyoro, was a period during which the kingdom narrowly escaped total destruction: Kabaka (king) Nakibinge in particular is associated with this era, and his actions are examined more closely below.\"§REF§(Reid 2010: ) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/2H64W34U/collection.§REF§" }, { "id": 398, "polity": { "id": 684, "name": "ug_toro_k", "long_name": "Toro", "start_year": 1830, "end_year": 1896 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "secession; ug_bito_dyn", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "secession", "preceding_entity": "ug_bito_dyn", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "\"Despite its reputation, Bunyoro seems to have lacked powerful organization. [...] But its political administration was decentralized, with autonomous peripheral principalities in Bwera, Koki, Buddu, and even Kiziba to the south and Busoga to the east. A series of succession crises foretold dynastic breaks and secessions to come. Neighboring countries proceeded to exploit the difficulties in this undoubtedly too-vast cluster, which was managed very loosely. Buganda occupied Koki and Buddu in the late eighteenth century, cutting off Bunyoro's access to Lake Victoria. Then, around 1830, Toro, in the southwest, seized its independence under Prince Kaboyo's leadership : this new kingdom controlled the key saltworks in Katwe and Kasenyi, north of Lake Edward.\"§REF§(Chrétien 2006: 148) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/FXCVWDRI/collection.§REF§" }, { "id": 399, "polity": { "id": 686, "name": "tz_karagwe_k", "long_name": "Karagwe", "start_year": 1500, "end_year": 1916 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "population migration; Basita Kingdom", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "population replacement", "preceding_entity": "Basita Kingdom", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> \"It was during the reign of Nono that the hitherto Bantu-ruled Nyambo chiefdom was usurped by Nilotic Bahima. Specifically, Nono, whose capital was at Mugutu, near Rukole (northeast of Bweranyange), was ousted by Ruhinda, the son of Wamara and Njunaki—a slave girl. Ruhinda shifted the capital to Bweranyange.\" §REF§(Mapunda 2009: 94) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/9GV5C5NF/collection. §REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> \"We are therefore left with no other alternative than oral tradition, which unfortunately fails to offer a clear picture of what happened in Karagwe during the first two millennia of ironworking (BC 500-AD1500). This weakness withstanding, we are informed that prior to the arrival of the Bahinda invaders from the north, the indigenous Nyambo, who subsisted principally on farming, had already amalgamated into a single polity. The initiative and process of cohesion is attributed to the Basita clan, though it is not clear whether the Basita achieved this through military or charismatic means (Katoke 1975). Oral traditions provide the names of three Basita rulers: Magunguru, Malija and Nono, who are interpreted as representing three generations.\" §REF§(Mapunda 2009: 94) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/9GV5C5NF/collection. §REF§" }, { "id": 400, "polity": { "id": 687, "name": "Early Niynginya", "long_name": "Kingdom of Nyinginya", "start_year": 1650, "end_year": 1897 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; TZ_east_africa_ia_2", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "TZ_east_africa_ia_2", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "\"This brief overview of the archeological data indicates that after the Early Iron Age there may perhaps have been a certain migration at the time the W ceramic appeared, but not since then. What is in fact most striking is the astonishing stability of settlement for at least the last two thousand years. One only has to look at the small region east of Butare to be convinced of it, for all the periods are represented here on numerous sites and on the same hills. This wealth of known sites clearly is the fruit of intensive research in the region over a long time period, but that does not alter the conclusion. No doubt equally intensive research in other sectors of central Rwanda will uncover a similar pattern.\"§REF§(Vansina 2004: 21) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/5J4MRHUB/collection.§REF§" }, { "id": 401, "polity": { "id": 688, "name": "ug_nkore_k_1", "long_name": "Nkore", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1749 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity, population migration; UgCwezi", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "population replacement", "preceding_entity": "UgCwezi", "other_polity": { "id": 534, "name": "ug_bunyoro_k_1", "long_name": "Cwezi Dynasty", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1699 }, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> \"Individual settlements were governed by clan chiefs, but around the middle of the 1400s, one of these, Ruhinda, rose to dominance and established himself as mugabe , or paramount ruler over all the Ankole clans.\"§REF§(Middleton 2015: 45) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM.§REF§ \"Prior to the Hinda invasion, Nkore had been a remote district on the marches of the 'empire' of the Bacwezi. The Bacwezi are so fully legendary that their existence as real men has been seriously doubted by some scholars (Wrighley 1958).\"§REF§(Steinhart 1978: 133) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/D3FV7SKV/collection.§REF§, \"Individual settlements were governed by clan chiefs, but around the middle of the 1400s, one of these, Ruhinda, rose to dominance and established himself as mugabe , or paramount ruler over all the Ankole clans.\"§REF§(Middleton 2015: 45) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM.§REF§ \"Prior to the Hinda invasion, Nkore had been a remote district on the marches of the 'empire' of the Bacwezi. The Bacwezi are so fully legendary that their existence as real men has been seriously doubted by some scholars (Wrighley 1958).\"§REF§(Steinhart 1978: 133) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/D3FV7SKV/collection.§REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> \"Similar overlaps were salient in regard to other aspects of culture. Various interlacustrine societies, especially the Bahinda-ruled areas, had basically similar myths of origin, the common mythology being the presumed sojourn in the region of the semi-legendary Bacwezi.\" §REF§(Doornbos 1978: 19) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/ISMJWJ4U/collection.§REF§ \"Prior to the Hinda invasion, Nkore had been a remote district on the marches of the 'empire' of the Bacwezi. The Bacwezi are so fully legendary that their existence as real men has been seriously doubted by some scholars (Wrighley 1958). [...] The reality of Bacwezi rule, despite its ardent critics and more ardent proponents, was almost certainly little more than the dominance of a pastoral clan and their close followers over a vast, thinly populated and sporadically administered region.\"§REF§(Steinhart 1978: 133) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/D3FV7SKV/collection.§REF§" }, { "id": 402, "polity": { "id": 691, "name": "rw_mubari_k", "long_name": "Mubari", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1896 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "suspected unknown; UNKNOWN", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "unknown", "preceding_entity": "UNKNOWN", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "\"Today no dates can be proposed at all for the kingdoms to the south and southeast of central Rwanda, to wit, Mubari, Gisaka, and Bugesera, for lack of archaeological research or even reliable dynastic lists. Their chronology before the middle of the eighteenth century derives from references in Rwandan historical narratives, references that are probably mere anachronisms.\" §REF§(Vansina 2004: 45) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/5J4MRHUB/collection.§REF§" }, { "id": 403, "polity": { "id": 692, "name": "rw_gisaka_k", "long_name": "Gisaka", "start_year": 1700, "end_year": 1867 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "suspected unknown; UNKNOWN", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "unknown", "preceding_entity": "UNKNOWN", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "\"Today no dates can be proposed at all for the kingdoms to the south and southeast of central Rwanda, to wit, Mubari, Gisaka, and Bugesera, for lack of archaeological research or even reliable dynastic lists. Their chronology before the middle of the eighteenth century derives from references in Rwandan historical narratives, references that are probably mere anachronisms.\" §REF§(Vansina 2004: 45) Seshat URL: https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/collections/GWWIKDDM/items/5J4MRHUB/collection.§REF§" } ] }