Polity Preceding Entity List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Preceding Entities.
GET /api/general/polity-preceding-entities/?format=api&page=3
{ "count": 452, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-preceding-entities/?format=api&page=4", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-preceding-entities/?format=api&page=2", "results": [ { "id": 102, "polity": { "id": 49, "name": "id_kediri_k", "long_name": "Kediri Kingdom", "start_year": 1049, "end_year": 1222 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Kahuripan Kingdom", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Kahuripan Kingdom", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": " Airlangga abdicated to become a Hindu ascetic and divided his kingdom between 2 sons, creating two new polities, Kediri and Janggala..§REF§(Sedyawati in Ooi 2004 (a), 134)§REF§" }, { "id": 103, "polity": { "id": 50, "name": "id_majapahit_k", "long_name": "Majapahit Kingdom", "start_year": 1292, "end_year": 1518 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "elite migration; Singhasari Kingdom", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "Singhasari Kingdom", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": " Following the Mongol invasion of 1293, Vijaya allied with the Mongols against the enemies of the Singhasari and established a new capital at Majapahit. §REF§(Hall in Tarling 1993, 217)§REF§" }, { "id": 104, "polity": { "id": 51, "name": "id_mataram_k", "long_name": "Mataram Sultanate", "start_year": 1568, "end_year": 1755 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Demak Sultanate", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Demak Sultanate", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": " (gradual change) Gradual decline of Demak in the late sixteenth century allowed for the rise of other states including Mataram and Surabaya which emerged as the leading powers by 1600." }, { "id": 105, "polity": { "id": 48, "name": "id_medang_k", "long_name": "Medang Kingdom", "start_year": 732, "end_year": 1019 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Kalingga Kingdom", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Kalingga Kingdom", "other_polity": { "id": 47, "name": "id_kalingga_k", "long_name": "Kalingga Kingdom", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 732 }, "comment": null, "description": " Sanjaya, founder of the Medang Kingdom, was great-grandson of the famous Kalingga monarch Queen Shima. (<a href=\"http://historian-sholeh.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/medang-kingdom.html\">EXTERNAL_INLINE_LINK: http://historian-sholeh.blogspot.co.uk/2011/01/medang-kingdom.html </a>)" }, { "id": 106, "polity": { "id": 103, "name": "il_canaan", "long_name": "Canaan", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1175 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Intermediate Bronze-Age Canaan", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Intermediate Bronze-Age Canaan", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 107, "polity": { "id": 110, "name": "il_judea", "long_name": "Yehuda", "start_year": -141, "end_year": -63 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Seleucid Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Seleucid Empire", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": " This coding is arguable. The code book doesn't have a good descriptor for \"successful political rebellion\"; the new elites who ejected the Seleucids, the Hasmonean dynasty, were native to Judea, so \"elite migration\" doesn't really fit either. \"Cultural assimilation\" might fit, perhaps. At any rate, in 153 BCE the Hasmonean leader Jonathan \"Apphus,\" having led a years-long guerrilla war against the Seleucids after the death of his brother (Judah the Maccabbi), was confirmed as High Priest and ruler of the Jews as a vassal of the Seleucid claimant Alexander Balas. In the swirl of conflict over the Seleucid throne, Jonathan fell into a trap and was executed in 142 BCE; he was succeeded by his brother Simon, who achieved a measure of quasi-independence from the Seleucids—though he remained a vassal and the population retained strong elements of Hellenism. Simon was confirmed as High King and Prince in a popular assembly in 141 BCE." }, { "id": 108, "polity": { "id": 105, "name": "il_yisrael", "long_name": "Yisrael", "start_year": -1030, "end_year": -722 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "population migration; Ancient Phoenicia", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "population replacement", "preceding_entity": "Ancient Phoenicia", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": " The Israelite settlements first are found in hilly, desolate regions of the highlands that had little previous settlement during the Canaanite heyday, perhaps as refuges from the domination of surrounding powers such as the Philistines. In time, these became a political power in their own right.§REF§Finkelstein (2013), Lehmann (2004).§REF§" }, { "id": 109, "polity": { "id": 92, "name": "in_badami_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Badami", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 753 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Kadamba Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Kadamba Empire", "other_polity": { "id": 91, "name": "in_kadamba_emp", "long_name": "Kadamba Empire", "start_year": 345, "end_year": 550 }, "comment": null, "description": " §REF§H. Kadambi, Negotiated Pasts and Memorialized Present in Ancient India, in N. Yoffee (ed), Negotiating the Past in the Past (2008), p. 158§REF§." }, { "id": 110, "polity": { "id": 94, "name": "in_kalyani_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Kalyani", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1189 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Rashtrakuta Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Rashtrakuta Empire", "other_polity": { "id": 93, "name": "in_rashtrakuta_emp", "long_name": "Rashtrakuta Empire", "start_year": 753, "end_year": 973 }, "comment": null, "description": " §REF§H.V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan, A History of Karnataka (1978), pp. 91§REF§" }, { "id": 111, "polity": { "id": 86, "name": "in_deccan_ia", "long_name": "Deccan - Iron Age", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Deccan - Neolithic", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Deccan - Neolithic", "other_polity": { "id": 85, "name": "in_deccan_nl", "long_name": "Deccan - Neolithic", "start_year": -2700, "end_year": -1200 }, "comment": null, "description": " §REF§P. Johansen, The politics of of spatial renovation: Reconfiguring ritual practices in Iron Age and Early Historic South India (2014), Journal of Social Archaeology 0(0): 1-28§REF§" }, { "id": 112, "polity": { "id": 88, "name": "in_post_mauryan_k", "long_name": "Post-Mauryan Kingdoms", "start_year": -205, "end_year": -101 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Deccan - Iron Age", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Deccan - Iron Age", "other_polity": { "id": 86, "name": "in_deccan_ia", "long_name": "Deccan - Iron Age", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -300 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 113, "polity": { "id": 135, "name": "in_delhi_sultanate", "long_name": "Delhi Sultanate", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1526 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Principality of Gur", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Principality of Gur", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": " Its heartland lay in the north and west of South Asia.§REF§Habib, I. (2005). The Delhi Sultanate in The state and society in medieval India. Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp.37-44.§REF§" }, { "id": 114, "polity": { "id": 111, "name": "in_achik_1", "long_name": "Early A'chik", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1867 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "elite migration; A’chik Tribes", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "A’chik Tribes", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> The potential role of Zamindars remains to be confirmed. 'Zamindar, in India, a holder or occupier (dār) of land (zamīn). The root words are Persian, and the resulting name was widely used wherever Persian influence was spread by the Mughals or other Indian Muslim dynasties. The meanings attached to it were various. In Bengal the word denoted a hereditary tax collector who could retain 10 percent of the revenue he collected. In the late 18th century the British government made these zamindars landowners, thus creating a landed aristocracy in Bengal and Bihar that lasted until Indian independence (1947). In parts of north India (e.g., Uttar Pradesh), a zamindar denoted a large landowner with full proprietary rights. More generally in north India, zamindar denoted the cultivator of the soil or joint proprietors holding village lands in common as joint heirs. In Maratha territories the name was generally applied to all local hereditary revenue officers.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/topic/zamindar\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/topic/zamindar</a>§REF§ Zamindars located in Assam led expeditions into the Garo Hills and subjugated parts of them: ‘There remains no record of when the Garos migrated and settled in their present habitat. Their traditional lore as recorded by Major Playfair points out that they migrated to the area from Tibet. There is evidence that the area was inhabited by the stone-using peoples-Palaeolithic and Neolithic groups-in the past. After settling in the hills, Garos initially had no close and constant contact with the inhabitants of the adjoining plains. In 1775-76 the Zamindars of Mechpara and Karaibari (at present in the Goalpara and Dhubri districts of Assam) led expeditions onto the Garo hills.’ §REF§Roy, Sankar Kumar: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Garo§REF§ ‘In pre-British days the areas adjacent to the present habitat of the Garo were under the Zeminders of Karaibari, Kalumalupara, Habraghat, Mechpara and Sherpore. Garos of the adjoining areas had to struggle constantly with these Zeminders. Whenever the employees of the Zeminders tried to collect taxes or to oppress the Garo in some way or other, they retaliated by coming down to the plains and murdering ryots of the Zeminders. In 1775-76 the Zeminders of Mechpara and Karaibari led expeditions to the hills near about their Zeminderies and subjugated a portion of what is at present the Garo Hills district. The Zeminder of Karaibari appointed Rengtha or Pagla, a Garo as his subordinate.’ §REF§Majumdar, Dhirendra Narayan 1978. “Culture Change In Two Garo Villages”, 29§REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> Prior to British imperial rule, the A’chik tribal population was not organized around a common political or administrative centre, with clans and lineages being the only supra-local social institutions: ‘The Garos are divided into nine subtribes: the Awe, Chisak, Matchi-Dual, Matabeng, Ambeng, Ruga-Chibox, Gara-Ganching, Atong, and the Megam. These are geographic subtribes, but are also dialectal and subcultural groups. According to their beliefs and religion, the Garos are divided into the SONGSAREK (following their indigenous beliefs and practices) and the Christians.’ §REF§Roy, Sankar Kumar: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Garo§REF§ ‘After settling in the hills, Garos initially had no close and constant contact with the inhabitants of the adjoining plains. In 1775-76 the Zamindars of Mechpara and Karaibari (at present in the Goalpara and Dhubri districts of Assam) led expeditions onto the Garo hills. The first contact with British colonialists was in 1788, and the area was brought under administrative control in the year 1873.’ §REF§Roy, Sankar Kumar: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Garo§REF§" }, { "id": 115, "polity": { "id": 112, "name": "in_achik_2", "long_name": "Late A'chik", "start_year": 1867, "end_year": 1956 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "elite migration; Mechpara and Karaibari Zamindars", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "Mechpara and Karaibari Zamindars", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> ‘There remains no record of when the Garos migrated and settled in their present habitat. Their traditional lore as recorded by Major Playfair points out that they migrated to the area from Tibet. There is evidence that the area was inhabited by the stone-using peoples-Palaeolithic and Neolithic groups-in the past. After settling in the hills, Garos initially had no close and constant contact with the inhabitants of the adjoining plains. In 1775-76 the Zamindars of Mechpara and Karaibari (at present in the Goalpara and Dhubri districts of Assam) led expeditions onto the Garo hills. The first contact with British colonialists was in 1788, and the area was brought under administrative control in the year 1873.’ §REF§Roy, Sankar Kumar: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Garo§REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> ‘The denomination of these linguistic speakers was subsequently driven away by the Tibeto-Burman hordes into Khasi Hills and the Jaintia Hills. This is the only part of the North East India in which this sub-family exists now. The three groups of the Tibeto-Burman family like Kuki-Chin and Naga were driven to the North-Eastern Hills. The Bodo dominated in the plains of Garo Hills and the North Cachar Hills. They were later subdivided into Garo, Kachari, Mech, Dimasa, Tippera, Lalung, Chutiya and Rabha groups (Barkakati 1969). Playfair ( c.f. Barkakati, 1969) writes that the Garo and the Kachari originally belonged to one group before splitting into two groups-one group over the Southern bank of Brahmaputra and the other Kachar, spreading over the North Garo Hills.’ §REF§Marak, Kumie R. 1997. “Traditions And Modernity In Matrilineal Tribal Society”, 38§REF§ ‘There remains no record of when the Garos migrated and settled in their present habitat. Their traditional lore as recorded by Major Playfair points out that they migrated to the area from Tibet. There is evidence that the area was inhabited by the stone-using peoples-Palaeolithic and Neolithic groups-in the past. After settling in the hills, Garos initially had no close and constant contact with the inhabitants of the adjoining plains. In 1775-76 the Zamindars of Mechpara and Karaibari (at present in the Goalpara and Dhubri districts of Assam) led expeditions onto the Garo hills.’ §REF§Roy, Sankar Kumar: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Garo§REF§ ‘In pre-British days the areas adjacent to the present habitat of the Garo were under the Zeminders of Karaibari, Kalumalupara, Habraghat, Mechpara and Sherpore. Garos of the adjoining areas had to struggle constantly with these Zeminders. Whenever the employees of the Zeminders tried to collect taxes or to oppress the Garo in some way or other, they retaliated by coming down to the plains and murdering ryots of the Zeminders. In 1775-76 the Zeminders of Mechpara and Karaibari led expeditions to the hills near about their Zeminderies and subjugated a portion of what is at present the Garo Hills district. The Zeminder of Karaibari appointed Rengtha or Pagla, a Garo as his subordinate.’ §REF§Majumdar, Dhirendra Narayan 1978. “Culture Change In Two Garo Villages”, 29§REF§" }, { "id": 116, "polity": { "id": 95, "name": "in_hoysala_k", "long_name": "Hoysala Kingdom", "start_year": 1108, "end_year": 1346 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Chalukyas of Kalyani", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Chalukyas of Kalyani", "other_polity": { "id": 94, "name": "in_kalyani_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Kalyani", "start_year": 973, "end_year": 1189 }, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> feudal subordinate The Hoysalas began their rule as the feudatories of the Chalukyas and when their power was on the wane, the Hoysalas asserted their independence and established their supremacy over Karnataka as it stands today§REF§H.V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan, A History of Karnataka (1978), p. 111§REF§.<br><b>(Entity):</b> Western Chalukya Empire§REF§H.V. Sreenivasa Murthy and R. Ramakrishnan, A History of Karnataka (1978), p. 111§REF§." }, { "id": 117, "polity": { "id": 91, "name": "in_kadamba_emp", "long_name": "Kadamba Empire", "start_year": 345, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Pallava Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Pallava Empire", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> feudal subordinates§REF§Suryanatha Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka (1980), p. 30§REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> Though it is not entirely clear, it seems that the Kadambas started out as feudal subordinates to the Pallavas §REF§Suryanatha Kamath, A Concise History of Karnataka (1980), p. 30§REF§." }, { "id": 118, "polity": { "id": 96, "name": "in_kampili_k", "long_name": "Kampili Kingdom", "start_year": 1280, "end_year": 1327 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "elite migration; Hoysala Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "Hoysala Empire", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": " \"The rulers of Kampili began their careers as tributaries of the Yadava kings of Devagiri, the first Deccani polity defeated by the Delhi Sultanate. Following Sultanate occupation of Devagiri, the Yadava general Muhammad Singa fled with his son Kampili to the northern shores of the Tungabhadra River, where he established a base from which to resist Sultanate forces (Stein 1989a: 18).\" §REF§(Sinopoli 2003, 74)§REF§" }, { "id": 119, "polity": { "id": 87, "name": "in_mauryan_emp", "long_name": "Magadha - Maurya Empire", "start_year": -324, "end_year": -187 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Nanda Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Nanda Empire", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 120, "polity": { "id": 98, "name": "in_mughal_emp", "long_name": "Mughal Empire", "start_year": 1526, "end_year": 1858 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Timurid Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Timurid Empire", "other_polity": { "id": 370, "name": "uz_timurid_emp", "long_name": "Timurid Empire", "start_year": 1370, "end_year": 1526 }, "comment": null, "description": " Core region was Afghanistan" }, { "id": 121, "polity": { "id": 93, "name": "in_rashtrakuta_emp", "long_name": "Rashtrakuta Empire", "start_year": 753, "end_year": 973 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "elite migration; Chalukyas of Badami", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "Chalukyas of Badami", "other_polity": { "id": 92, "name": "in_badami_chalukya_emp", "long_name": "Chalukyas of Badami", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 753 }, "comment": null, "description": " In the first half of the eighth century, the Chalukyas ruled over Western and Central India. However, in the '40s and early '50s of that century, they found themselves in a position of weakness, due to the death of their leader, Vikramaditya II, as well as prolonged conflict with Arabs and the Pallavas to the North. One of their feudatories to the South, Dantidurga, exploited this moment of weakness to annex several territories to his own rule. By the time he had secured dominion over Madhya Pradesh and Central and Southern Gujarat, the Chalukyas declared war against him, but were defeated in battle in 753 CE. This is the year when the Rashtrakuta Empire is said to have started, with Dantidurga as its first ruler. Once the Chalukyas were definitively overthrown by Dantidurga's successor, Krishna I, the Rashtrakutas' military and diplomatic endeavours focused mostly on two objectives: securing control over Southern India, particularly the Deccan Plateau, and organising military expeditions to the North. §REF§K.R. Basavaraja, History and Culture of Karnataka (1984), pp. 62-83§REF§" }, { "id": 122, "polity": { "id": 89, "name": "in_satavahana_emp", "long_name": "Satavahana Empire", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "NO_VALUE_ON_WIKI; Mauryan Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Mauryan Empire", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": " NOTE: The Mauryan Empire was the most powerful polity to rule over Southern India before the Satavahanas §REF§U. Singh, A History of Ancient and Early medieval India (2008), pp. 324-358§REF§. However, partly because of difficulties in dating the exact beginning of the Satavahana Empire, it is not clear that there was a direct link between the two polities §REF§C. Sinopoli, On the Edge of Empire: Form and Substance in the Satavahana Dynasty, in S. Alcock (ed), Empires (2001), p. 159§REF§" }, { "id": 123, "polity": { "id": 90, "name": "in_vakataka_k", "long_name": "Vakataka Kingdom", "start_year": 255, "end_year": 550 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Satavahana Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Satavahana Empire", "other_polity": { "id": 89, "name": "in_satavahana_emp", "long_name": "Satavahana Empire", "start_year": -100, "end_year": 200 }, "comment": null, "description": " \"The Vakatakas succeeded the Satavahanas and rose to regal power sometime around the middle of the 3rd century CE\" §REF§(Sawant 2009) Reshma Sawant. 2008. ‘State Formation Process In The Vidarbha During The Vakataka Period’. <i>Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute</i> 68-69: 137-162.<§REF§" }, { "id": 124, "polity": { "id": 97, "name": "in_vijayanagara_emp", "long_name": "Vijayanagara Empire", "start_year": 1336, "end_year": 1646 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "cultural assimilation; Delhi Sultanate", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "absorption", "preceding_entity": "Delhi Sultanate", "other_polity": { "id": 135, "name": "in_delhi_sultanate", "long_name": "Delhi Sultanate", "start_year": 1206, "end_year": 1526 }, "comment": null, "description": " The origins of the first rulers of Vijayanagara are obscure and much debated, but it is clear that they were effective and creative military leaders who, after establishing their capital on the southern banks of the Tungabhadra River, rapidly expanded their territories to the south and resisted challenges from the north§REF§Carla M. Sinopoli, 'From the Lion Throne: Political and Social Dynamics of the Vijayanagara Empire', Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol 43, No. 3 (2000), pp. 369-70§REF§." }, { "id": 125, "polity": { "id": 132, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_1", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 946 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Umayyad Caliphate", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Umayyad Caliphate", "other_polity": { "id": 131, "name": "sy_umayyad_cal", "long_name": "Umayyad Caliphate", "start_year": 661, "end_year": 750 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 126, "polity": { "id": 484, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_2", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate II", "start_year": 1191, "end_year": 1258 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Seljuk Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Seljuk Empire", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": " \"the majority of extant buildings are in the Abbasid homeland of Iraq.\"§REF§(Petersen 2002, 1)Petersen, Andrew. 2002. Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Routledge.§REF§" }, { "id": 127, "polity": { "id": 476, "name": "iq_akkad_emp", "long_name": "Akkadian Empire", "start_year": -2270, "end_year": -2083 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "cultural assimilation, continuity; Lagash Dynasty", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Lagash Dynasty", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> \"We know now that Semitic people were already present in Mesopotamia in the Early Dynastic period. Therefore, they did not settle in the region after a mass immigration.\"§REF§(Leverani 2014, 139) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§ The relation to preceding polity is complicated. Sargon, was an Akkadian and he was probably cup-bear in the palace of Ur-Zababa, king of Kish. The Akaddians were earlier present component of cultural and ethic map of Sumer and the region of Babilon, but they did not play any important political role. Sargon was a person who united the Akkadian people and provided the privilege when he conquered Sumer.§REF§Postgate 2007, 36§REF§, \"We know now that Semitic people were already present in Mesopotamia in the Early Dynastic period. Therefore, they did not settle in the region after a mass immigration.\"§REF§(Leverani 2014, 139) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. The Ancient Near East. History, society and economy. Routledge. London.§REF§ The relation to preceding polity is complicated. Sargon, was an Akkadian and he was probably cup-bear in the palace of Ur-Zababa, king of Kish. The Akaddians were earlier present component of cultural and ethic map of Sumer and the region of Babilon, but they did not play any important political role. Sargon was a person who united the Akkadian people and provided the privilege when he conquered Sumer.§REF§Postgate 2007, 36§REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> I Lagash dynasty" }, { "id": 128, "polity": { "id": 479, "name": "iq_babylonia_1", "long_name": "Amorite Babylonia", "start_year": -2000, "end_year": -1600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "elite migration; Isin", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "Isin", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> The elites of Isin were overthrown by Hammurabi of Babylon. §REF§Oates, J. Babylon. Revised Edition. London: Thames and Hudson. p.65§REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> Name." }, { "id": 129, "polity": { "id": 342, "name": "iq_babylonia_2", "long_name": "Kassite Babylonia", "start_year": -1595, "end_year": -1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "elite migration; Sealand", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "Sealand", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": " The Kassites invaded Babylon from the north-west after the Hittites ended the First Empire. The Hittites did not establish their presence in Babylonia and, instead, the Kassite elites took the throne and ruled over Babylonia. There was some migration of Kassite people, but mostly the elites gained control and assimilated into Babylonian society. §REF§Gill, A. 2008. Gateway of the Gods: The Rise and Fall of Babylon. London: Quercus. p.66§REF§" }, { "id": 130, "polity": { "id": 481, "name": "iq_bazi_dyn", "long_name": "Bazi Dynasty", "start_year": -1005, "end_year": -986 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "elite migration; Second Sealand Dynasty", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "Second Sealand Dynasty", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": " \"After the end of the dynasty of Isin, a sequence of shortlived dynasties of different and often foreign origins came to power, but their authority was not well established in the land. Firstly, three kings of the ‘Second Dynasty of the Sealand’ re-emerged from the far south to control Babylonia. They ruled for around twenty years (ca. 1025-1005 bc). Then there were three kings of the dynasty of Bazi, originally from somewhere along the Tigris.\"§REF§(Liverani 2014, 469) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. <i>The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy</i>. London: Routledge. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7DRZQS5Q/q/liverani\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7DRZQS5Q/q/liverani</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 131, "polity": { "id": 482, "name": "iq_dynasty_e", "long_name": "Dynasty of E", "start_year": -979, "end_year": -732 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "elite migration; Elamite Dynasty", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "Elamite Dynasty", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": " \"After the end of the dynasty of Isin, a sequence of shortlived dynasties of different and often foreign origins came to power, but their authority was not well established in the land.\"§REF§(Liverani 2014, 469) Liverani, Mario. Tabatabai, Soraia trans. 2014. <i>The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy</i>. London: Routledge. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7DRZQS5Q/q/liverani\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/7DRZQS5Q/q/liverani</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 132, "polity": { "id": 475, "name": "iq_early_dynastic", "long_name": "Early Dynastic", "start_year": -2900, "end_year": -2500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Uruk", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Uruk", "other_polity": { "id": 474, "name": "iq_uruk", "long_name": "Uruk", "start_year": -4000, "end_year": -2900 }, "comment": null, "description": " There are no traces of any dramatic cultural interruption between these two periods." }, { "id": 133, "polity": { "id": 480, "name": "iq_isin_dynasty2", "long_name": "Second Dynasty of Isin", "start_year": -1153, "end_year": -1027 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "IqBabKs", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "IqBabKs", "other_polity": { "id": 342, "name": "iq_babylonia_2", "long_name": "Kassite Babylonia", "start_year": -1595, "end_year": -1150 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 134, "polity": { "id": 478, "name": "iq_isin_larsa", "long_name": "Isin-Larsa", "start_year": -2004, "end_year": -1763 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; IqUrIII", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "IqUrIII", "other_polity": { "id": 477, "name": "iq_ur_dyn_3", "long_name": "Ur - Dynasty III", "start_year": -2112, "end_year": -2004 }, "comment": null, "description": " \"The Ur III Empire broke up into a number of autonomous smaller states, controlling and fighting over other ancient cities.\"§REF§(McIntosh 2005: 84) McIntosh, J. 2005. <i>Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspective</i>. Santa Barbara: ABC Clio. Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/KK2E3KMD</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 135, "polity": { "id": 346, "name": "iq_neo_babylonian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Babylonian Empire", "start_year": -626, "end_year": -539 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "IqNAssr", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "IqNAssr", "other_polity": { "id": 106, "name": "iq_neo_assyrian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "start_year": -911, "end_year": -612 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 136, "polity": { "id": 473, "name": "iq_ubaid", "long_name": "Ubaid", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -4000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "NO_VALUE_ON_WIKI; Samarra and Halaf culture", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Samarra and Halaf culture", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> The relationship between the Ubaid and the Halaf and the Samarra is difficult to establish and characterized. There are some conceptions which suggest that the important impact of forming the Ubaid in Mesopotamia had processes of acculturation and peaceful migration of small Ubaid group from north to south Mesopotamia. However, the researchers based mainly on ceramic and architectural evidences trying to reconstruct the origin of the Ubaid. Recently, new type of records have been included - aDNA analysis from site - Tell Kurdu (SE Anatolia) which showed that there is a clear genetic connections of these two Ubaid and Halaf populations (the examined individuals from both communities came from the same matriline).§REF§Özbal 2010b, 49§REF§§REF§Campbell & Fletcher 2010, 69-84§REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> The Halaf and/ or Samarra tradition had significant contribution in foundation new Ubaid identity and culture, especially in northern and central Mesopotamia. §REF§Stein 2010, 36-37§REF§§REF§Karsgaard 2010, 51-60§REF§§REF§Özbal 2010b, 49§REF§§REF§Roux 1998, 61§REF§" }, { "id": 137, "polity": { "id": 477, "name": "iq_ur_dyn_3", "long_name": "Ur - Dynasty III", "start_year": -2112, "end_year": -2004 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Gutian Dynasty", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Gutian Dynasty", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 138, "polity": { "id": 474, "name": "iq_uruk", "long_name": "Uruk", "start_year": -4000, "end_year": -2900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "suspected unknown; Ubaid", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "unknown", "preceding_entity": "Ubaid", "other_polity": { "id": 473, "name": "iq_ubaid", "long_name": "Ubaid", "start_year": -5500, "end_year": -4000 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 139, "polity": { "id": 107, "name": "ir_achaemenid_emp", "long_name": "Achaemenid Empire", "start_year": -550, "end_year": -331 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Median Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Median Empire", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": " Between 553 and 550 BCE, Cyrus the Great rebelled against Median control and re-established the independence of Persia. He took control of the area of Elam and Susa and eventually the whole of the Median empire. §REF§Liverani, M. 2014. The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. London: Routledge. p.561§REF§" }, { "id": 140, "polity": { "id": 508, "name": "ir_ak_koyunlu", "long_name": "Ak Koyunlu", "start_year": 1339, "end_year": 1501 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "population migration; Kara Koyunlu", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "population replacement", "preceding_entity": "Kara Koyunlu", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": " \"Amplifying the earlier view of Minorsky, Sümer notes the eastward reflux from Anatolia of the Mongol Oirot, Jalayir, and Süldüz after 1335/736 in addition to the three Turkmen \"waves\" composed of the Qaraquyunlu, the Aqquyunlu, and the Safavid Qizilbash that swept out of Anatolia over Iran in the fifteenth/ninth and sixteenth/ tenth centuries. In any case, these later demographic changes differed from the earlier Turkic and Mongol invasions of the Islamic lands from Central Asia in that they essentially involved the relocation or reshuffling of existing elements into new political configurations as distinct from the overlaying of an indigenous population by entirely new peoples.\" §REF§(Woods 1998, 3)§REF§" }, { "id": 141, "polity": { "id": 487, "name": "ir_susiana_archaic", "long_name": "Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -6000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Formative Period", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Formative Period", "other_polity": { "id": 486, "name": "ir_susiana_formative", "long_name": "Formative Period", "start_year": -7200, "end_year": -7000 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 142, "polity": { "id": 495, "name": "ir_elam_1", "long_name": "Elam - Awan Dynasty I", "start_year": -2675, "end_year": -2100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "SSP", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "NO_VALUE_ON_WIKI; Susa III", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "unknown", "preceding_entity": "Susa III", "other_polity": { "id": 494, "name": "ir_susa_3", "long_name": "Susa III", "start_year": -3100, "end_year": -2675 }, "comment": null, "description": "The Susa III texts (sometimes called \"Proto-Elamite\") have not yet been deciphered, and Potts writes that \"nothing suggests that either the writing system or the language of the Old Elamite texts was lineally descended from those of Susa III.\" §REF§(Potts 2016, 71) Potts, D T. 2016. The Archaeology of Elam Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ Indeed, the Awan Dynasty's early centre of power was not at Susa but at an as-yet unidentified site somewhere east of Mesopotamia.§REF§(Potts 2016, 82) Potts, D T. 2016. The Archaeology of Elam Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ The absolute chronology of the Susa III period ... suggests that a major break in the sequence occurred around 2900 or 2800 BC.\"§REF§(Potts 2016, 82) Potts, D T. 2016. The Archaeology of Elam Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ Susa may have been abandoned, and subsequent graves at the site show links with the material culture of the Luristan and Khuzistan regions, which some scholars identify with the \"shadowy\" Awan polity.§REF§(Potts 2016, 85, 89) Potts, D T. 2016. The Archaeology of Elam Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.§REF§ Migration may thus have taken place, but the precise relationship of Old Elamite Awan to the Susa III period remains unclear." }, { "id": 143, "polity": { "id": 362, "name": "ir_buyid_confederation", "long_name": "Buyid Confederation", "start_year": 932, "end_year": 1062 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity, elite migration; Abbasid Caliphate I", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "Abbasid Caliphate I", "other_polity": { "id": 132, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_1", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 946 }, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> The ruling dynasty were from \"the northern Iranian provinces of Gilam and Daylam ... Gilam was the name given to the area on the south-west shores of the Caspian Sea; Daylam was the mountainous hinterland.\"§REF§(Kennedy 2004, 210) Kennedy, Hugh N. 2004. The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. Second edition. Pearson Longman. Harlow.§REF§, The ruling dynasty were from \"the northern Iranian provinces of Gilam and Daylam ... Gilam was the name given to the area on the south-west shores of the Caspian Sea; Daylam was the mountainous hinterland.\"§REF§(Kennedy 2004, 210) Kennedy, Hugh N. 2004. The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. Second edition. Pearson Longman. Harlow.§REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> Origin region: \"Iranian plateau where this alliance with the local civilian élite was a major source of strength for the dynasty. Only in Baghdad, with its powerful Turkish soldiers and its growing religious tensions, was there serious local resistance to their rule.§REF§(Kennedy 2004, 216) Kennedy, Hugh N. 2004. The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. Second edition. Pearson Longman. Harlow.§REF§ Core region: Fars. The Buyid period was \"a golden age when Fars had been the wealthy centre of an empire.\"§REF§(Kennedy 2004, 243) Kennedy, Hugh N. 2004. The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. Second edition. Pearson Longman. Harlow.§REF§" }, { "id": 144, "polity": { "id": 502, "name": "ir_elam_8", "long_name": "Elam - Crisis Period", "start_year": -1100, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Elam - Inshushinak Period", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Elam - Inshushinak Period", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> \"Elamite documentation reveals that the Sutrukid dynasty (the last dynasty of the 2nd mil- lennium b.c.) continued beyond the reign of Hutelutus-Insusinak with kings Silhina-hamru- Lagamar, Humban-numena II, Sutruk-Nahhunte II, and Sutur-Nahhunte I. Texts excavated at Ansan indicate the existence of kings, but no titles are given: Aksir-nahunte and Aksir- simut (both contemporaries of Sutruk-Nahhunte II). There are contextual, paleographic, and onomastic reasons to believe that Hutran-Tepti, Att-hamiti-Insusinak, and Humban-nikas I, son of Humban-tarah, ought to be dated in the period 1000-750 b.c. Finally, after a break of a few years, the name Hallutas-Insusinak appears during the mid-8th century b.c. (paleo- graphic and filiation arguments). These royal names partially fill a gap of some 300 years in the Mesopotamian documentation for the kings of Elam. The royal titulature of these indi- viduals does not, therefore, speak in opposition to an independent Ansan.\" §REF§(Quintana 2011, 187)§REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> Inshushinak Dynasty." }, { "id": 145, "polity": { "id": 507, "name": "ir_elymais_2", "long_name": "Elymais II", "start_year": 25, "end_year": 215 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Parthian Empire I", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Parthian Empire I", "other_polity": { "id": 125, "name": "ir_parthian_emp_1", "long_name": "Parthian Empire I", "start_year": -247, "end_year": 40 }, "comment": null, "description": " Terminal Parthian Period 125-250 CE.§REF§(Wenke 1987, 254) Wenke, Robert J. in Hole, Frank ed. 1987. The Archaeology of Western Iran. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.§REF§" }, { "id": 146, "polity": { "id": 486, "name": "ir_susiana_formative", "long_name": "Formative Period", "start_year": -7200, "end_year": -7000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Pre-Ceramic Period", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Pre-Ceramic Period", "other_polity": { "id": 485, "name": "ir_susiana_pre_ceramic", "long_name": "Pre-Ceramic Period", "start_year": -7800, "end_year": -7200 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 147, "polity": { "id": 172, "name": "ir_il_khanate", "long_name": "Ilkhanate", "start_year": 1256, "end_year": 1339 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "cultural assimilation, elite migration; Seljuk Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "Seljuk Empire", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> \"Hülegü took with him an enormous army, supposedly two out of every ten Mongol soldiers, who were accompanied by families and herds. This, then, was not just a military campaign but also the mass migration of a large portion of the Mongol nation to Persia and the surrounding countries.\" §REF§REUVEN AMITAI, 'IL-KHANIDS i. DYNASTIC HISTORY' <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/il-khanids-i-dynastic-history\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/il-khanids-i-dynastic-history</a>§REF§, \"Hülegü took with him an enormous army, supposedly two out of every ten Mongol soldiers, who were accompanied by families and herds. This, then, was not just a military campaign but also the mass migration of a large portion of the Mongol nation to Persia and the surrounding countries.\" §REF§REUVEN AMITAI, 'IL-KHANIDS i. DYNASTIC HISTORY' <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/il-khanids-i-dynastic-history\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/il-khanids-i-dynastic-history</a>§REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> Seljuk Kingdom of Rum; the Nezari Esmailis; Abbasid caliphate. the Nezāri Esmāʿilis = 'the Assassins'. The Il-Khanid state covered territory that had been ruled by several different polities from the Saljuq kingdom of Rum to the Nezāri Esmāʿilis ('the Assassins')to the Abbasid caliphate.§REF§REUVEN AMITAI, 'IL-KHANIDS i. DYNASTIC HISTORY' <a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/il-khanids-i-dynastic-history\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/il-khanids-i-dynastic-history</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 148, "polity": { "id": 488, "name": "ir_susiana_a", "long_name": "Susiana A", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -5700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar", "other_polity": { "id": 487, "name": "ir_susiana_archaic", "long_name": "Susiana - Muhammad Jaffar", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -6000 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 149, "polity": { "id": 489, "name": "ir_susiana_b", "long_name": "Susiana B", "start_year": -5700, "end_year": -5100 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Susiana A", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Susiana A", "other_polity": { "id": 488, "name": "ir_susiana_a", "long_name": "Susiana A", "start_year": -6000, "end_year": -5700 }, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> \"it is evident that 'Ubaid developed out of Hajji Muhammad just as the latter is derived from Eridu. This continuity of cultural evolution has led certain scholars to simplify the sequence into ' Ubaid 1-4, Eridu being ' Ubaid I, Hajji Muhammad 'Ubaid 2, etc., against the better judgement of the excavators. As it tends to obscure the links of these two early cultures with Susiana and favours the theory of autochthonous development (which can no longer be maintained, in view of the recent discoveries at Ali-Kush and Tepe Sabz), the alternative system may have to be rejected.\"§REF§(Mellaart 1970, 287-288) Mellaart, J. in Edwards, I E S. Gadd, C J. Hammond, N G L. eds. 1970. The Cambridge Ancient History. Volumes 1-2. Cambridge University Press.§REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> \"the admittedly flawed evidence from the three stratified sites discussed above illustrates convincingly the overlap between Hajji Muhammad and Eridu/Ubaid 1 wares on the one hand, and between Hajji Muhammad and Ubaid 3 pottery on the other.\"§REF§(Crawford 2006, 165) Crawford, Harriet in Carter, Robert A. Philip, Graham. eds. 2006. Beyond The Ubaid. Transformation and integration in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Illinois.§REF§" }, { "id": 150, "polity": { "id": 491, "name": "ir_susiana_ubaid_2", "long_name": "Susiana - Late Ubaid", "start_year": -4700, "end_year": -4300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Susiana - Early Ubaid", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Susiana - Early Ubaid", "other_polity": { "id": 490, "name": "ir_susiana_ubaid_1", "long_name": "Susiana - Early Ubaid", "start_year": -5100, "end_year": -4700 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 151, "polity": { "id": 490, "name": "ir_susiana_ubaid_1", "long_name": "Susiana - Early Ubaid", "start_year": -5100, "end_year": -4700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Susiana B", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Susiana B", "other_polity": { "id": 489, "name": "ir_susiana_b", "long_name": "Susiana B", "start_year": -5700, "end_year": -5100 }, "comment": null, "description": null } ] }