Polity Preceding Entity List
A viewset for viewing and editing Polity Preceding Entities.
GET /api/general/polity-preceding-entities/?format=api&page=2
{ "count": 452, "next": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-preceding-entities/?format=api&page=3", "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/general/polity-preceding-entities/?format=api", "results": [ { "id": 51, "polity": { "id": 207, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_2", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom II", "start_year": -217, "end_year": -30 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuation; Ptolemaic Kingdom I", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Ptolemaic Kingdom I", "other_polity": { "id": 109, "name": "eg_ptolemaic_k_1", "long_name": "Ptolemaic Kingdom I", "start_year": -305, "end_year": -217 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 52, "polity": { "id": 518, "name": "eg_regions", "long_name": "Egypt - Period of the Regions", "start_year": -2150, "end_year": -2016 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom", "other_polity": { "id": 517, "name": "eg_old_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - Late Old Kingdom", "start_year": -2350, "end_year": -2150 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 53, "polity": { "id": 203, "name": "eg_saite", "long_name": "Egypt - Saite Period", "start_year": -664, "end_year": -525 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "replacement; Neo-Assyrian Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "secession", "preceding_entity": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "other_polity": { "id": 106, "name": "iq_neo_assyrian_emp", "long_name": "Neo-Assyrian Empire", "start_year": -911, "end_year": -612 }, "comment": null, "description": "The early kings of the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty, Psamtek I and Nekau II, were Neo-Assyrian vassals. §REF§(Mieroop 2021: 275, 277) Mieroop, Marc Van De. 2021. A History of Ancient Egypt. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.§REF§ \"In 610, Assyria fell to its southern neighbor Babylonia, despite a desperate Egyptian attempt to support its former overlord. The Babylonians continued Assyrian policies in most respects, extending the hold over the Syro‐Palestinian lands, but they never succeeded in conquering Egypt\"§REF§(Mieroop 2021: 275) Mieroop, Marc Van De. 2021. A History of Ancient Egypt. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.§REF§" }, { "id": 54, "polity": { "id": 520, "name": "eg_thebes_hyksos", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Hyksos Period", "start_year": -1720, "end_year": -1567 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom", "other_polity": { "id": 519, "name": "eg_middle_k", "long_name": "Egypt - Middle Kingdom", "start_year": -2016, "end_year": -1700 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 55, "polity": { "id": 200, "name": "eg_thebes_libyan", "long_name": "Egypt - Thebes-Libyan Period", "start_year": -1069, "end_year": -747 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "elite migration; Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period", "other_polity": { "id": 199, "name": "eg_new_k_2", "long_name": "Egypt - New Kingdom Ramesside Period", "start_year": -1293, "end_year": -1070 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 56, "polity": { "id": 361, "name": "eg_thulunid_ikhshidid", "long_name": "Egypt - Tulunid-Ikhshidid Period", "start_year": 868, "end_year": 969 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Abbasid Caliphate I", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Abbasid Caliphate I", "other_polity": { "id": 132, "name": "iq_abbasid_cal_1", "long_name": "Abbasid Caliphate I", "start_year": 750, "end_year": 946 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 57, "polity": { "id": 84, "name": "es_spanish_emp_1", "long_name": "Spanish Empire I", "start_year": 1516, "end_year": 1715 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Crown of Castile and Aragon", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Crown of Castile and Aragon", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": " “Ferdinand and Isabella had been remarkably successful in carrying out the union of the two Crowns, but their lack of a male heir threatened to undo that work. As a result of the premature death of their only son, as well as other deaths in the family, their youngest daughter Juana stood to inherit the throne, but Juana, known as ‘La Loca’ was widely deemed incapable of ruling Spain. Because of Juana’s mental state and her marriage to a member of the Habsburg family (rulers of the Holy Roman Empire), it fell to Ferdinand and Isabella’s grandson (and Juana’s son) Charles to inherit the Spanish throne in 1516.” §REF§(Cowans 2003, 46) Cowans, John. 2003. <i>Early Modern Spain: A Documentary History</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/4MRSP5DU\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/seshat_databank/items/itemKey/4MRSP5DU</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 58, "polity": { "id": 208, "name": "et_aksum_emp_1", "long_name": "Axum I", "start_year": -149, "end_year": 349 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Pre-Aksumite Period", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Pre-Aksumite Period", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 59, "polity": { "id": 57, "name": "fm_truk_1", "long_name": "Chuuk - Early Truk", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1886 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Moen Culture", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Moen Culture", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> The following implies that immigration was a factor in this transition: 'Chuuk was settled by the first century A.D. In the fourteenth century, a cult center was established on Moen Island. It was abandoned in the eighteenth century following a fresh immigration from neighboring atolls. Japan replaced Germany as the ruling power in World War I and was in turn replaced by the United States under United Nations Trusteeship in 1945. In 1986 Chuuk and its surrounding atolls became a state within the newly independent Federated States of Micronesia. Protestant missionaries and traders came in the 1880s and Roman Catholic missionaries after 1900. Japan sought to develop Chuuk economically and introduced elementary education in Japanese. Education was much expanded under American administration, and many Chuukese learned English. Some went to college in Guam, Hawaii, and the United States mainland. The American administration introduced representative government.' §REF§Goodenough, Ward H. and Skoggard, Ian: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Chuuk§REF§ It is unclear from this material how substantial this migration wave was. At the moment, it appears that there was no 'population replacement' per se. We have therefore assumed continuity, but this is in need of confirmation.<br><b>(Entity):</b> A cult centre on Moen was abandoned in the 18th century: 'Chuuk was settled by the first century A.D. In the fourteenth century, a cult center was established on Moen Island. It was abandoned in the eighteenth century following a fresh immigration from neighboring atolls. Japan replaced Germany as the ruling power in World War I and was in turn replaced by the United States under United Nations Trusteeship in 1945. In 1986 Chuuk and its surrounding atolls became a state within the newly independent Federated States of Micronesia. Protestant missionaries and traders came in the 1880s and Roman Catholic missionaries after 1900. Japan sought to develop Chuuk economically and introduced elementary education in Japanese. Education was much expanded under American administration, and many Chuukese learned English. Some went to college in Guam, Hawaii, and the United States mainland. The American administration introduced representative government.' §REF§Goodenough, Ward H. and Skoggard, Ian: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Chuuk§REF§§REF§(The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica 2013) Seshat URL: <a class=\"external free\" href=\"https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3CNVADQA\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://www.zotero.org/groups/1051264/seshat_databank/items/3CNVADQA</a>.§REF§" }, { "id": 60, "polity": { "id": 58, "name": "fm_truk_2", "long_name": "Chuuk - Late Truk", "start_year": 1886, "end_year": 1948 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "elite migration; FmTrukE", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "FmTrukE", "other_polity": { "id": 57, "name": "fm_truk_1", "long_name": "Chuuk - Early Truk", "start_year": 1775, "end_year": 1886 }, "comment": null, "description": " The Spanish sold the islands to German colonial authorities in the late 19th century. The islands were later annexed by the Japanese: 'The islands were sighted by the Spanish explorer Álvaro Saavedra in 1528. They were visited occasionally by 19th-century traders and whalers and were included in the German purchase of parts of Micronesia from Spain (1899). Annexed by Japan (1914) and strongly fortified for World War II, the islands (known as the Truk Islands until 1990) were heavily attacked, bypassed, and blockaded by the Allies during the war. The sunken hulls of Japanese ships remain there, along with ruined weapons and fortifications on land. Together with the other islands in what are now the Federated States of Micronesia, the Chuuk group was part of the U.S.-administered United Nations Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands from 1947 to 1986.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Chuuk-Islands\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Chuuk-Islands</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 61, "polity": { "id": 448, "name": "fr_atlantic_complex", "long_name": "Atlantic Complex", "start_year": -2200, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Beaker Culture", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Beaker Culture", "other_polity": { "id": 447, "name": "fr_beaker_eba", "long_name": "Beaker Culture", "start_year": -3200, "end_year": -2000 }, "comment": null, "description": " \"Two major changes take place in the earlier Bronze Age to differentiate it from the preceding Bell Beaker and earlier traditions is (I) the use of bronze, primarily for weapons and ornaments; (2) the burial in single graves (i.e., noncom- munal), and in many areas under a small mound of earth; and (3) the construction of fortified settlements, particularly in central Europe.\" §REF§(Peregrine 2001, 412)§REF§" }, { "id": 62, "polity": { "id": 447, "name": "fr_beaker_eba", "long_name": "Beaker Culture", "start_year": -3200, "end_year": -2000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity, population migration; Late Neolithic Europe", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "population replacement", "preceding_entity": "Late Neolithic Europe", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> \"Some scholars believe that the Beaker package was spread by actual immigrants or by traders in search of desired materials, while others argue that they represent an ideology and set of status symbols that were readily taken up by the emerging leaders of increasingly hierarchical communities. [...] In some regions Beaker practices were adopted wholesale and marked a sharp break with earlier traditions. In others there was some continuity: For example, final burials in some megalithic tombs contained Beaker material. Settlements belonging to the makers of Beaker pottery are elusive, and it has been suggested that they led a relatively mobile way of life, probably associated with pastoralism, though probably, like Corded Ware, Beaker material was used by communities practicing many economic strategies.\"§REF§(McIntosh 2006, 61)§REF§, \"Some scholars believe that the Beaker package was spread by actual immigrants or by traders in search of desired materials, while others argue that they represent an ideology and set of status symbols that were readily taken up by the emerging leaders of increasingly hierarchical communities. [...] In some regions Beaker practices were adopted wholesale and marked a sharp break with earlier traditions. In others there was some continuity: For example, final burials in some megalithic tombs contained Beaker material. Settlements belonging to the makers of Beaker pottery are elusive, and it has been suggested that they led a relatively mobile way of life, probably associated with pastoralism, though probably, like Corded Ware, Beaker material was used by communities practicing many economic strategies.\"§REF§(McIntosh 2006, 61)§REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> \"Throughout this Atlantic zone, a common set of artefacts made their appearance in the later third millennium: the Bell-Beakers themselves, individual burials in round mounds, and an associated set of weapons and small stone and metal artefacts. These Bell-Beaker tumuli often formed the nuclei for continuing clusters of such barrow-burials in succeeding centuries. [...] Rather than representing a coherent migration of a distinctive people, the Bell-Beaker phenomenon is better seen as the outcome of the kind of processes discussed at the end of Chapter 5: as part of the breakdown of traditional social structures and the emergence of more mobile ways of life that began in northern Europe after 3000 BC. [...] The name given to this phenomenon comes from the characteristic drinking vessel with its inverted bell-shaped profile, which carries incised decoration in horizontal zones around the body.\" §REF§(Sherratt in Cunliffe 1994, 250-251)§REF§" }, { "id": 63, "polity": { "id": 460, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Bourbon", "start_year": 1589, "end_year": 1660 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; French Kingdom - Late Valois", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "French Kingdom - Late Valois", "other_polity": { "id": 459, "name": "fr_valois_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Valois", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1589 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 64, "polity": { "id": 461, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Bourbon", "start_year": 1660, "end_year": 1815 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; French Kingdom - Early Bourbon", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "French Kingdom - Early Bourbon", "other_polity": { "id": 460, "name": "fr_bourbon_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Bourbon", "start_year": 1589, "end_year": 1660 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 65, "polity": { "id": 457, "name": "fr_capetian_k_1", "long_name": "Proto-French Kingdom", "start_year": 987, "end_year": 1150 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Carolingian Empire II", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Carolingian Empire II", "other_polity": { "id": 311, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire II", "start_year": 840, "end_year": 987 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 66, "polity": { "id": 458, "name": "fr_capetian_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian", "start_year": 1150, "end_year": 1328 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Proto-French Kingdom", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Proto-French Kingdom", "other_polity": { "id": 457, "name": "fr_capetian_k_1", "long_name": "Proto-French Kingdom", "start_year": 987, "end_year": 1150 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 67, "polity": { "id": 309, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 840 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Proto-Carolingian", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Proto-Carolingian", "other_polity": { "id": 456, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_3", "long_name": "Proto-Carolingian", "start_year": 687, "end_year": 751 }, "comment": null, "description": " New dynasty composed of a different branch of elites, but no substantial population change, and no elite migration." }, { "id": 68, "polity": { "id": 311, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire II", "start_year": 840, "end_year": 987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Carolingian Empire I", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Carolingian Empire I", "other_polity": { "id": 309, "name": "fr_carolingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Carolingian Empire I", "start_year": 752, "end_year": 840 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 69, "polity": { "id": 449, "name": "fr_hallstatt_a_b1", "long_name": "Hallstatt A-B1", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Atlantic Complex", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Atlantic Complex", "other_polity": { "id": 448, "name": "fr_atlantic_complex", "long_name": "Atlantic Complex", "start_year": -2200, "end_year": -1000 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 70, "polity": { "id": 450, "name": "fr_hallstatt_b2_3", "long_name": "Hallstatt B2-3", "start_year": -900, "end_year": -700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Hallstatt A-B1", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Hallstatt A-B1", "other_polity": { "id": 449, "name": "fr_hallstatt_a_b1", "long_name": "Hallstatt A-B1", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -900 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 71, "polity": { "id": 451, "name": "fr_hallstatt_c", "long_name": "Hallstatt C", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -600 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Hallstatt B", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Hallstatt B", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 72, "polity": { "id": 452, "name": "fr_hallstatt_d", "long_name": "Hallstatt D", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -475 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Hallstatt C", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Hallstatt C", "other_polity": { "id": 451, "name": "fr_hallstatt_c", "long_name": "Hallstatt C", "start_year": -700, "end_year": -600 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 73, "polity": { "id": 304, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Early Merovingian", "start_year": 481, "end_year": 543 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "elite migration; Roman Late Antiquity", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "Roman Late Antiquity", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": " The start of Merovingian rule in the Paris basin: 486, when the territory was conquered from Syragrius." }, { "id": 74, "polity": { "id": 456, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_3", "long_name": "Proto-Carolingian", "start_year": 687, "end_year": 751 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Middle Merovingian", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Middle Merovingian", "other_polity": { "id": 306, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Middle Merovingian", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 687 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 75, "polity": { "id": 306, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_2", "long_name": "Middle Merovingian", "start_year": 543, "end_year": 687 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Early Merovingian", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Early Merovingian", "other_polity": { "id": 304, "name": "fr_merovingian_emp_1", "long_name": "Early Merovingian", "start_year": 481, "end_year": 543 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 76, "polity": { "id": 453, "name": "fr_la_tene_a_b1", "long_name": "La Tene A-B1", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -325 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity, population migration; Hallstatt D", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "population replacement", "preceding_entity": "Hallstatt D", "other_polity": { "id": 452, "name": "fr_hallstatt_d", "long_name": "Hallstatt D", "start_year": -600, "end_year": -475 }, "comment": null, "description": " \"That there was a significant degree of continuity between the Late Hallstatt and Early La Tène social systems is evident.\" §REF§(Cunliffe 2000, 64)§REF§ also population migration?" }, { "id": 77, "polity": { "id": 454, "name": "fr_la_tene_b2_c1", "long_name": "La Tene B2-C1", "start_year": -325, "end_year": -175 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; La Tene A-B1", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "La Tene A-B1", "other_polity": { "id": 453, "name": "fr_la_tene_a_b1", "long_name": "La Tene A-B1", "start_year": -475, "end_year": -325 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 78, "polity": { "id": 455, "name": "fr_la_tene_c2_d", "long_name": "La Tene C2-D", "start_year": -175, "end_year": -27 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; La Tene B2-C1", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "La Tene B2-C1", "other_polity": { "id": 454, "name": "fr_la_tene_b2_c1", "long_name": "La Tene B2-C1", "start_year": -325, "end_year": -175 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 79, "polity": { "id": 333, "name": "fr_valois_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois", "start_year": 1328, "end_year": 1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; French Kingdom - Late Capetian", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian", "other_polity": { "id": 458, "name": "fr_capetian_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Capetian", "start_year": 1150, "end_year": 1328 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 80, "polity": { "id": 459, "name": "fr_valois_k_2", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Late Valois", "start_year": 1450, "end_year": 1589 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; French Kingdom - Early Valois", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "French Kingdom - Early Valois", "other_polity": { "id": 333, "name": "fr_valois_k_1", "long_name": "French Kingdom - Early Valois", "start_year": 1328, "end_year": 1450 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 82, "polity": { "id": 113, "name": "gh_akan", "long_name": "Akan - Pre-Ashanti", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1701 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity, elite migration; Akan States", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "Akan States", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> 'Akan states, historical complex of gold-producing forest states in western Africa lying between the Comoé and Volta rivers (in an area roughly corresponding to the coastal lands of the modern republics of Togo, Ghana, and, in part, Côte d’Ivoire). Their economic, political, and social systems were transformed from the 16th to the 18th century by trade with Europeans on the coast. Of the northern Akan (or Brong) states the earliest (established c. 1450) was Bono; of the southern the most important were Denkyera, Akwamu, Fante (Fanti), and Asante.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Akan-states\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Akan-states</a>§REF§ The first Akan states date back to the 13th century, although migration remained relevant: 'It would seem that the first states of the Akan-speaking peoples who now inhabit most of the forest and coastlands were founded about the 13th century by the settlement, just north of the forest, of migrants coming from the direction of Mande; that the dominant states of northern Ghana, Dagomba, Mamprusi, and their satellites were established by the 15th century by invaders from the Hausa region; that a little later the founders of the Ga and Ewe states of the southeast began to arrive from what is now Nigeria by a more southerly route; and that Gonja, in the centre, was created by Mande conquerors about the beginning of the 17th century. Tradition tends to present these migrations as movements of whole peoples. In certain instances-for example, Dagomba, Mamprusi, and Gonja-it can be shown that the traditions relate in fact to comparatively small bands of invaders who used military and political techniques acquired farther north to impose their rule on already established populations whose own organization was based more on community of kin than on allegiance to political sovereigns. It is probable that the first Akan states-e.g., such influential states as Bono and Banda north of the forest or the smaller states founded on the coast by migration down the Volta River-were also established in this way. The later Akan infiltration into the forest, which then was probably sparsely inhabited, and the Ga and Ewe settlement of the southeast may have been more of mass movements, though in the latter case it is known that the immigrants met and absorbed earlier inhabitants.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Ghana/Daily-life-and-social-customs#toc76828\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Ghana/Daily-life-and-social-customs#toc76828</a>§REF§ The fluidity of the situation makes the choice of a single code more difficult., 'Akan states, historical complex of gold-producing forest states in western Africa lying between the Comoé and Volta rivers (in an area roughly corresponding to the coastal lands of the modern republics of Togo, Ghana, and, in part, Côte d’Ivoire). Their economic, political, and social systems were transformed from the 16th to the 18th century by trade with Europeans on the coast. Of the northern Akan (or Brong) states the earliest (established c. 1450) was Bono; of the southern the most important were Denkyera, Akwamu, Fante (Fanti), and Asante.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Akan-states\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Akan-states</a>§REF§ The first Akan states date back to the 13th century, although migration remained relevant: 'It would seem that the first states of the Akan-speaking peoples who now inhabit most of the forest and coastlands were founded about the 13th century by the settlement, just north of the forest, of migrants coming from the direction of Mande; that the dominant states of northern Ghana, Dagomba, Mamprusi, and their satellites were established by the 15th century by invaders from the Hausa region; that a little later the founders of the Ga and Ewe states of the southeast began to arrive from what is now Nigeria by a more southerly route; and that Gonja, in the centre, was created by Mande conquerors about the beginning of the 17th century. Tradition tends to present these migrations as movements of whole peoples. In certain instances-for example, Dagomba, Mamprusi, and Gonja-it can be shown that the traditions relate in fact to comparatively small bands of invaders who used military and political techniques acquired farther north to impose their rule on already established populations whose own organization was based more on community of kin than on allegiance to political sovereigns. It is probable that the first Akan states-e.g., such influential states as Bono and Banda north of the forest or the smaller states founded on the coast by migration down the Volta River-were also established in this way. The later Akan infiltration into the forest, which then was probably sparsely inhabited, and the Ga and Ewe settlement of the southeast may have been more of mass movements, though in the latter case it is known that the immigrants met and absorbed earlier inhabitants.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Ghana/Daily-life-and-social-customs#toc76828\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Ghana/Daily-life-and-social-customs#toc76828</a>§REF§ The fluidity of the situation makes the choice of a single code more difficult.<br><b>(Entity):</b> 'Akan states, historical complex of gold-producing forest states in western Africa lying between the Comoé and Volta rivers (in an area roughly corresponding to the coastal lands of the modern republics of Togo, Ghana, and, in part, Côte d’Ivoire). Their economic, political, and social systems were transformed from the 16th to the 18th century by trade with Europeans on the coast. Of the northern Akan (or Brong) states the earliest (established c. 1450) was Bono; of the southern the most important were Denkyera, Akwamu, Fante (Fanti), and Asante.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Akan-states\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Akan-states</a>§REF§ The first Akan states date back to the 13th century: 'It would seem that the first states of the Akan-speaking peoples who now inhabit most of the forest and coastlands were founded about the 13th century by the settlement, just north of the forest, of migrants coming from the direction of Mande; that the dominant states of northern Ghana, Dagomba, Mamprusi, and their satellites were established by the 15th century by invaders from the Hausa region; that a little later the founders of the Ga and Ewe states of the southeast began to arrive from what is now Nigeria by a more southerly route; and that Gonja, in the centre, was created by Mande conquerors about the beginning of the 17th century. Tradition tends to present these migrations as movements of whole peoples. In certain instances-for example, Dagomba, Mamprusi, and Gonja-it can be shown that the traditions relate in fact to comparatively small bands of invaders who used military and political techniques acquired farther north to impose their rule on already established populations whose own organization was based more on community of kin than on allegiance to political sovereigns. It is probable that the first Akan states-e.g., such influential states as Bono and Banda north of the forest or the smaller states founded on the coast by migration down the Volta River-were also established in this way. The later Akan infiltration into the forest, which then was probably sparsely inhabited, and the Ga and Ewe settlement of the southeast may have been more of mass movements, though in the latter case it is known that the immigrants met and absorbed earlier inhabitants.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Ghana/Daily-life-and-social-customs#toc76828\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Ghana/Daily-life-and-social-customs#toc76828</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 83, "polity": { "id": 114, "name": "gh_ashanti_emp", "long_name": "Ashanti Empire", "start_year": 1701, "end_year": 1895 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Akan - Pre-Ashanti", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Akan - Pre-Ashanti", "other_polity": { "id": 113, "name": "gh_akan", "long_name": "Akan - Pre-Ashanti", "start_year": 1501, "end_year": 1701 }, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> 'The Asante wars had their origin in the seventeenth century in the course of attempts by Oti Akenten and Obiri Yeboah to establish the power of their segment of the Oyoko clan, based in Kokofu in Amansee, in the area now covered by Kumasi City. Obiri Yeboah died in war with the Dorma people, then located within four miles of Kumasi, and was succeeded by Osei Tutu (died 1717). Osei Tutu defeated the Dorma (Reindorf, 1895: 50; Fuller, 1968: 2) and led the Asante to conquer Denkyira (Bosman, 1705), their south-western neighbour and erstwhile overlords, in 1699-1708 [...] Between Osei Tutu and Osei Bonsu (1800-1824) the Asante conquered or otherwise brought into subjection to the Asantehene (King of Asante), nearly all the peoples now inhabiting all the regions of modern Ghana and also east-central and south-western Ivory Coast (Rattray, 1923: 287-293; Priestley and Wilks, 1960; Fynn, 1971: 105, 155; Meredith, 1812; Wilks, 1975; 43-79).' §REF§Arhin, Kwame 1986. “Asante Praise Poems: The Ideology Of Patrimonialism”, 165§REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> Asantemanso Kingdom 'The Portuguese first arrived in 1471 and later built a trading post at Elmina in 1486. Drawn by the trading activity on the coast, descendants of the defunct Bonda and Kumbu kingdoms settled along the north-south trade routes connecting the coast to the Niger bend region. The Queen mother of the Bonda founded the Akyerekyere kingdom along one trade route, which became a clearinghouse for goods from the coast. A prince of the former Kumbu royal house founded the Akumu-Akoto kingdom on another trade route. The Portuguese referred to this latter kingdom as the 'Acanes,' hence the name Akan. Emigrants from Akumu-Akoto founded a second city-state to the east, called Akwamu. Emigrants from Akwamu in turn founded the Asantemanso kingdom in the Kumasi region. Mande-speaking immigrants conquered the Akyerekyere kingdom and later the Asantemanso kingdom to become the dominant power in the region, the Denkyira. In 1701, the Asantemanso under the leadership of Osei Tutu (d. 1717) rebelled and defeated the Denkyira.'§REF§HRAF Cultural Summary for 'Akan' Michelle Gilbert, Robert O. Lagacé, and Ian Skoggard§REF§ 'He became the overall King (or Asantehene) of a group of allied towns or states centred around Kumase. According to Asante traditions he followed earlier rulers, the almost mythical twins Twum and Antwi, then Oti Akenten and Obiri Yeboa, his predecessor, slain in war. Traditions indicate that the kingdom's founders spread out from an early settlement in Adanse to settle at Kumase, near the earlier trading town of Tafo. They conquered groups already settled in the area and were joined by other bands of immigrants from earlier states to the south, attracted by the opportunities the new area offered. The new kingdom included the towns of Bekwae, Kokofu, Mampon, Nsuta, Dwaben and Edweso and was apparently organised on principles evolved in earlier, more southerly kingdoms like Denkyira and Akwamu. The founding [...] states each had its ‘paramount chief’ or Omanhene.' §REF§McLeod, M. D. (Malcolm D.) 1981. “Asante”, 12§REF§" }, { "id": 84, "polity": { "id": 67, "name": "gr_crete_archaic", "long_name": "Archaic Crete", "start_year": -710, "end_year": -500 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Geometric Crete", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Geometric Crete", "other_polity": { "id": 66, "name": "gr_crete_geometric", "long_name": "Geometric Crete", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -710 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 85, "polity": { "id": 68, "name": "gr_crete_classical", "long_name": "Classical Crete", "start_year": -500, "end_year": -323 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Archaic Crete", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Archaic Crete", "other_polity": { "id": 67, "name": "gr_crete_archaic", "long_name": "Archaic Crete", "start_year": -710, "end_year": -500 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 86, "polity": { "id": 74, "name": "gr_crete_emirate", "long_name": "The Emirate of Crete", "start_year": 824, "end_year": 961 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "hostile; Middle Byzantine Empire", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "absorption", "preceding_entity": "Middle Byzantine Empire", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": " The Andalusian Arabs conquered Crete in 824. Their relation with the Byzantine Empire was very hostile. Byzantines attemped to reconquest Crete many times and for the approximately 135 years of its existence, the Emirate of Crete was one of the major enemies of the Byzantine Empire. §REF§Christides, B. <i>The Conquest of Crete by Arabs (ca. 824). A Turning Point in the Struggle Between Byzantium and Islam</i>, Athens.§REF§" }, { "id": 87, "polity": { "id": 65, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_2", "long_name": "Final Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1200, "end_year": -1000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Postpalatial Crete", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Postpalatial Crete", "other_polity": { "id": 64, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_1", "long_name": "Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": -1200 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 88, "polity": { "id": 66, "name": "gr_crete_geometric", "long_name": "Geometric Crete", "start_year": -1000, "end_year": -710 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "disruption/continuity; Mycenaean Crete", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Mycenaean Crete", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 89, "polity": { "id": 69, "name": "gr_crete_hellenistic", "long_name": "Hellenistic Crete", "start_year": -323, "end_year": -69 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Cretan city-states", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Cretan city-states", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 90, "polity": { "id": 63, "name": "gr_crete_mono_palace", "long_name": "Monopalatial Crete", "start_year": -1450, "end_year": -1300 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Neopalatial Crete", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Neopalatial Crete", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 91, "polity": { "id": 59, "name": "gr_crete_nl", "long_name": "Neolithic Crete", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -3000 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity/discontinuity; Mesolithic Crete", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Mesolithic Crete", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": " It is generally argued that newcomers from the area of South-West Asia Minor arrived in Crete. §REF§e.g. Evans, J. D. 1994. \"The early millennia: continuity and change in a farming settlement,\" in Evely, D., Hughes-Brock, H. and Momigliano, N. (eds), <i>Knossos: A Labyrinth of History. Papers Presented in Honour of Sinclair Hood</i>, London, 1-20§REF§ §REF§Broodbank, C. and Straser, T. F. 1991. \"Migrant framers and the Neolithic colonization of Crete,\" <i>Antiquity</i> 65, 233-45.§REF§" }, { "id": 92, "polity": { "id": 62, "name": "gr_crete_new_palace", "long_name": "New Palace Crete", "start_year": -1700, "end_year": -1450 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Old Palace Crete", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Old Palace Crete", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 93, "polity": { "id": 61, "name": "gr_crete_old_palace", "long_name": "Old Palace Crete", "start_year": -1900, "end_year": -1700 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Prepalatial Crete", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Prepalatial Crete", "other_polity": { "id": 60, "name": "gr_crete_pre_palace", "long_name": "Prepalatial Crete", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 94, "polity": { "id": 64, "name": "gr_crete_post_palace_1", "long_name": "Postpalatial Crete", "start_year": -1300, "end_year": -1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Monopalatial Crete", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Monopalatial Crete", "other_polity": { "id": 63, "name": "gr_crete_mono_palace", "long_name": "Monopalatial Crete", "start_year": -1450, "end_year": -1300 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 95, "polity": { "id": 60, "name": "gr_crete_pre_palace", "long_name": "Prepalatial Crete", "start_year": -3000, "end_year": -1900 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Neolithic Crete", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Neolithic Crete", "other_polity": { "id": 59, "name": "gr_crete_nl", "long_name": "Neolithic Crete", "start_year": -7000, "end_year": -3000 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 96, "polity": { "id": 17, "name": "us_hawaii_1", "long_name": "Hawaii I", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1200 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "NO_VALUE_ON_WIKI", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "NO_VALUE_ON_WIKI", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": " Thought to be first human settlement - although petroglyphs found possibly dating to 300 CE." }, { "id": 97, "polity": { "id": 18, "name": "us_hawaii_2", "long_name": "Hawaii II", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1580 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Hawaii I", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Hawaii I", "other_polity": { "id": 17, "name": "us_hawaii_1", "long_name": "Hawaii I", "start_year": 1000, "end_year": 1200 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 98, "polity": { "id": 19, "name": "us_hawaii_3", "long_name": "Hawaii III", "start_year": 1580, "end_year": 1778 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Hawaii II", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Hawaii II", "other_polity": { "id": 18, "name": "us_hawaii_2", "long_name": "Hawaii II", "start_year": 1200, "end_year": 1580 }, "comment": null, "description": null }, { "id": 99, "polity": { "id": 153, "name": "id_iban_1", "long_name": "Iban - Pre-Brooke", "start_year": 1650, "end_year": 1841 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "continuity; Iban Communities", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "continuity", "preceding_entity": "Iban Communities", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": " European and Chinese traders and pirates were present on Borneo even before the 17th century, but Iban territory was not part of the formal colonial system at the time: 'Modern European knowledge of Borneo dates from travelers who passed through Southeast Asia in the 14th century. The first recorded European visitor was the Franciscan friar Odoric of Pordenone, who visited Talamasim on his way from India to China in 1330. The Portuguese, followed by the Spanish, established trading relations on the island early in the 16th century. At the beginning of the 17th century the Portuguese and Spanish trade monopoly was broken by the Dutch, who, intervening in the affairs of the Muslim kingdoms, succeeded in replacing Mataram influence with their own. The coastal strip along the South China and Sulu seas was long oriented toward the Philippines to the northeast and was often raided by Sulu pirates. British interests, particularly in the north and west, diminished that of the Dutch. The Brunei sultanate was an Islamic kingdom that at one time had controlled the whole island but by the 19th century ruled only in the north and northwest. In 1841 Sarawak was split away on the southwest, becoming an independent kingdom ruled by the Brooke Raj. North Borneo (later Sabah) to the northeast was obtained by a British company to promote trade and suppress piracy, but it was not demarcated until 1912. Those losses left a much-reduced Brunei, which became a British protectorate in 1888.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Borneo-island-Pacific-Ocean\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Borneo-island-Pacific-Ocean</a>§REF§ Iban communities were de facto self-governing before the Brooke Raj period: 'Each longhouse, as each BILEK, is an autonomous unit. Traditionally the core of each house was a group of descendants of the founders. Houses near one another on the same river or in the same region were commonly allied, marrying among themselves, raiding together beyond their territories, and resolving disputes by peaceful means. Regionalism, deriving from these alliances, in which Iban distinguished themselves from other allied groups, persist in modern state politics. Essentially egalitarian, Iban are aware of long-standing status distinctions among themselves of RAJA BERANI (wealthy and brave), MENSI SARIBU (commoners), and ULUN (slaves). Prestige still accrues to descendants of the first status, disdain to descendants of the third.' §REF§Sutlive, Vinson H. Jr. and Beierle, John: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Iban§REF§ 'Prior to the arrival of the British adventurer, James Brooke, there were no permanent leaders, but the affairs of each house were directed by consultations of family leaders. Men of influence included renowned warriors, bards, augurs and other specialists. Brooke, who became Rajah of Sarawak, and his nephew, Charles Johnson, created political positions -- headman (TUAI RUMAH), regional chief (PENGHULU), paramount chief (TEMENGGONG) -- to restructure Iban society for administrative control, especially for purposes of taxation and the suppression of head-hunting. The creation of permanent political positions and the establishment of political parties in the early 1960s have profoundly changed the Iban.' §REF§Sutlive, Vinson H. Jr. and Beierle, John: eHRAF Cultural Summary for the Iban§REF§ It is assumed here that this was true prior to the 17th century as well." }, { "id": 100, "polity": { "id": 154, "name": "id_iban_2", "long_name": "Iban - Brooke Raj and Colonial", "start_year": 1841, "end_year": 1987 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "elite migration; Sultanate of Brunei", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": "elite replacement", "preceding_entity": "Sultanate of Brunei", "other_polity": null, "comment": null, "description": "<b>(Relationship):</b> 'At Singapore (founded 20 years earlier by Sir Stamford Raffles), Brooke learned that Pengiran Muda Hassim, chief minister of the sultanate of Brunei, was engaged in war with several rebel Iban (Sea Dayak) tribes in neighbouring Sarawak, nominally under Brunei control. The rebellion was crushed with Brooke’s aid, and as a reward for his services the title of raja of Sarawak was conferred upon him in 1841, confirmed in perpetuity by the sultan of Brunei in 1846. For the next 17 years Brooke and a handful of English assistants made expeditions into the interior of Sarawak, partially suppressed the prevalence of headhunting, and established a secure government.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/topic/Brooke-Raj\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/topic/Brooke-Raj</a>§REF§ 'During the 1830's, the ruler of the Sarawak district of Brunei (the present First Division of Sarawak) found himself with a territory in revolt. In summary, failing to resolve this problem himself, the Rajah Muda Hasim sought the assistance of the Englishman James Brooke. Brooke was instrumental in returning order to the area and in reducing the number and impact of pirates along the adjacent coast. In return, after some prevarication, procrastination and negotiation, the Rajah Muda Hasim transferred this district, with his rights to tax and rule, to Brooke who assumed the title of Rajah and established the dynasty of the “Three White Rajahs” which was to rule Sarawak from 1841 to 1941.' §REF§Austin, Robert Frederic 1978. “Iban Migration: Patterns Of Mobility And Employment In The 20Th Century”, 10§REF§<br><b>(Entity):</b> 'British interests, particularly in the north and west, diminished that of the Dutch. The Brunei sultanate was an Islāmic kingdom that at one time had controlled the whole island but by the 19th century ruled only in the north and northwest. Sarawak was split away on the southwest, becoming an independent kingdom and then a British colony' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/place/Borneo-island-Pacific-Ocean\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/place/Borneo-island-Pacific-Ocean</a>§REF§ 'At Singapore (founded 20 years earlier by Sir Stamford Raffles), Brooke learned that Pengiran Muda Hassim, chief minister of the sultanate of Brunei, was engaged in war with several rebel Iban (Sea Dayak) tribes in neighbouring Sarawak, nominally under Brunei control. The rebellion was crushed with Brooke’s aid, and as a reward for his services the title of raja of Sarawak was conferred upon him in 1841, confirmed in perpetuity by the sultan of Brunei in 1846. For the next 17 years Brooke and a handful of English assistants made expeditions into the interior of Sarawak, partially suppressed the prevalence of headhunting, and established a secure government.' §REF§<a class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.britannica.com/topic/Brooke-Raj\" rel=\"nofollow\">http://www.britannica.com/topic/Brooke-Raj</a>§REF§" }, { "id": 101, "polity": { "id": 47, "name": "id_kalingga_k", "long_name": "Kalingga Kingdom", "start_year": 500, "end_year": 732 }, "year_from": null, "year_to": null, "tag": "TRS", "is_disputed": false, "is_uncertain": false, "name": "Polity_preceding_entity", "merged_old_data": "Java - Buni Culture", "relationship_to_preceding_entity": null, "preceding_entity": "Java - Buni Culture", "other_polity": { "id": 46, "name": "id_buni", "long_name": "Java - Buni Culture", "start_year": -400, "end_year": 500 }, "comment": null, "description": null } ] }