Variable Hierarchy List
A viewset for viewing and editing Variable Hierarchies.
GET /api/core/variable-hierarchies/?format=api&page=4
{ "count": 196, "next": null, "previous": "https://seshat-db.com/api/core/variable-hierarchies/?format=api&page=3", "results": [ { "id": 168, "name": "Moralizing Enforcement Of Rulers", "canonical_name": "moralizing_enforcement_of_rulers", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "Moralizing supernatural forces or agents punish and/or reward rulers", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "A/P/U/~", "data_type_definition": "[Present, Absent, Unknown, Transitional (Absent → Present), or Transitional (Present → Absent)]", "api_endpoint": "/api/rt/moralizing-enforcement-of-rulers/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1680, "section": 28, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 169, "name": "Moralizing Religion Adopted By Elites", "canonical_name": "moralizing_religion_adopted_by_elites", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "The elites of the polity subscribe to moralizing supernatural punishments and/or rewards", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "A/P/U/~", "data_type_definition": "[Present, Absent, Unknown, Transitional (Absent → Present), or Transitional (Present → Absent)]", "api_endpoint": "/api/rt/moralizing-religion-adopted-by-elites/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1690, "section": 28, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 170, "name": "Moralizing Religion Adopted By Commoners", "canonical_name": "moralizing_religion_adopted_by_commoners", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "The commoners of the polity subscribe to moralizing supernatural punishments and/or rewards", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "A/P/U/~", "data_type_definition": "[Present, Absent, Unknown, Transitional (Absent → Present), or Transitional (Present → Absent)]", "api_endpoint": "/api/rt/moralizing-religion-adopted-by-commoners/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1700, "section": 28, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 171, "name": "Moralizing Enforcement In Afterlife", "canonical_name": "moralizing_enforcement_in_afterlife", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "Punishment is delayed until after the death of the transgressor", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "A/P/U/~", "data_type_definition": "[Present, Absent, Unknown, Transitional (Absent → Present), or Transitional (Present → Absent)]", "api_endpoint": "/api/rt/moralizing-enforcement-in-afterlife/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1710, "section": 28, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 172, "name": "Moralizing Enforcement In This Life", "canonical_name": "moralizing_enforcement_in_this_life", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "Punishment occurs during transgressor's lifetime", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "A/P/U/~", "data_type_definition": "[Present, Absent, Unknown, Transitional (Absent → Present), or Transitional (Present → Absent)]", "api_endpoint": "/api/rt/moralizing-enforcement-in-this-life/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1720, "section": 28, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 173, "name": "Moralizing Enforcement Is Agentic", "canonical_name": "moralizing_enforcement_is_agentic", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "Moralizing enforcement is administered by a supernatural agent, such as a deity or spirit (as opposed to an impersonal supernatural force, such as karma).", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "A/P/U/~", "data_type_definition": "[Present, Absent, Unknown, Transitional (Absent → Present), or Transitional (Present → Absent)]", "api_endpoint": "/api/rt/moralizing-enforcement-is-agentic/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1730, "section": 28, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 174, "name": "Polity Utm Zone", "canonical_name": "polity_utm_zone", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "Usually where the capital city is locate. List only one per polity.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "TEXT", "data_type_definition": "A text string shall be coded.", "api_endpoint": "/api/general/polity-utm-timezones/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1740, "section": 29, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 175, "name": "Polity Original Name", "canonical_name": "polity_original_name", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "Original name of the polity.", "data_unit": "", "data_type": "TEXT", "data_type_definition": "A text string shall be coded.", "api_endpoint": "/api/general/polity-original-names/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1750, "section": 29, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 176, "name": "Polity Alternative Name", "canonical_name": "polity_alternative_name", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "Used in the historical literature; also supply the most common name used by the natives.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "TEXT", "data_type_definition": "A text string shall be coded.", "api_endpoint": "/api/general/polity-alternative-names/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1760, "section": 29, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 177, "name": "Polity Peak Years", "canonical_name": "polity_peak_years", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "The period when the polity was at its peak, whether militarily, in terms of the size of territory controlled, or the degree of cultural development. This variable has a subjective element, but typically historians agree when the peak was.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "RANGE", "data_type_definition": "A Range of Positive Integers shall be coded.", "api_endpoint": "/api/general/polity-peak-years/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1770, "section": 30, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 178, "name": "Polity Duration", "canonical_name": "polity_duration", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "The starting and ending dates of the polity. For example, the starting date could be the establishment of a long-ruling dynasty, while the ending date may be the year when the polity was conquered by an aggressive neighbor. In cases when starting and/or ending dates are fuzzy, as explained above, use the earliest possible starting date and the latest possible ending date. This approach will result in a temporal overlap, so that some NGAs for some periods will be coded as belonging to two polities simultaneously (e.g., to a disintegrating overarching polity and to the rising regional subpolity). Such overlap is acceptable, and will be dealt with at the analysis stage.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "RANGE", "data_type_definition": "A Range of Positive Integers shall be coded.", "api_endpoint": "/api/general/polity-durations/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1780, "section": 30, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 179, "name": "Polity Degree Of Centralization", "canonical_name": "polity_degree_of_centralization", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "<ul>\n<li><strong>‘quasi-polity’</strong> = or ‘none’. Use if, for example, the NGA is inhabited by many politically independent groups. There are four types of quasi-polity: archaeological, temporal, complex, and dominant. See: <em>Quasi-Polities: further information</em>.</li>\n\n <li><strong>‘nominal’</strong> = regional rulers pay only nominal allegiance to the overall ruler and maintain independence on all important aspects of governing, including taxation and warfare. <br><em>Example:</em> Japan during the Sengoku period.</li>\n\n <li><strong>‘loose’</strong> = the central government exercises a certain degree of control, especially over military matters and international relations. Otherwise, regional rulers are left alone. <br><em>Example:</em> European “feudalism” after the collapse of the Carolingian Empire.</li>\n\n <li><strong>‘confederated state’</strong> = regions enjoy a large degree of autonomy in internal (regional) government. Regional governors are either hereditary rulers, elected by elites, or elected by the population. Regions can levy and dispose of their own taxes. Use this category for more centralized “feudal states.”</li>\n\n <li><strong>‘unitary state’</strong> = regional governors are appointed and removed by central authorities. Taxes are imposed by and transmitted to the center.</li>\n</ul>", "data_unit": "", "data_type": "CHOICES", "data_type_definition": "A text string shall be coded.", "api_endpoint": "/api/general/polity-degree-of-centralizations/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1790, "section": 31, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 180, "name": "Polity Suprapolity Relations", "canonical_name": "polity_suprapolity_relations", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "<ul>\n <li><strong>alliance with:</strong> belongs to a long-term (>2 years) military-political alliance of independent polities. <em>“Long-term”</em> refers to a more or less permanent relationship extending over multiple years.</li>\n\n <li><strong>personal union with:</strong> the polity is united with another (or others) through dynastic marriage, inheritance, or similar circumstances. The union is tied to the ruler personally and dissolves when they die or are displaced.</li>\n\n <li><strong>nominal allegiance to:</strong> the polity pays formal allegiance (e.g., suzerainty) to another polity while maintaining political, military, and economic independence. Often corresponds to “nominal” under the degree of centralization of the dominant polity.</li>\n\n <li><strong>vassal state of:</strong> the polity is politically, economically, and/or militarily dependent on another state. Includes vassalage, foreign military presence, or consistent external interference. May be part of a larger structure (e.g., Holy Roman Empire or South Asian mandala system).</li>\n\n <li><strong>none:</strong> the polity is politically independent and not in any long-term alliance or personal union with another polity.</li>\n</ul>", "data_unit": "", "data_type": "TEXT", "data_type_definition": "A text string shall be coded.", "api_endpoint": "/api/general/polity-suprapolities/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1800, "section": 31, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 181, "name": "Polity Capital", "canonical_name": "polity_capital", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "<p>\n The city where the ruler spends most of their time. If there is more than one capital, supply all names and enclose in curly braces. <em>Example:</em> {Susa; Pasargadae; Persepolis; Ecbatana; Babylon}.\n</p>\n\n<p>\n Note that the capital may differ from the largest city (see below). Capital may be difficult to code for archaeologically known societies. If there is reasonable basis to believe that the largest known settlement was the seat of the ruler, code it as the capital (and indicate uncertainty in the narrative paragraph).\n</p>\n\n<p>\n Archaeologists can often recognize special architectural structures such as ceremonial centers, citadels, or palaces. These features can be confirmed after a thorough study of the region and settlement network.\n</p>\n\n<p>\n If such an inference cannot be made, code as <em>\"unknown\"</em>. (The largest settlement is coded elsewhere.)\n</p>", "data_unit": "", "data_type": "COMPLEX", "data_type_definition": "An instance of the Capital Object shall be selected.", "api_endpoint": "/api/general/polity-capitals/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1810, "section": 29, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 182, "name": "Polity Language", "canonical_name": "polity_language", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "The language(s) used polity-wide for administration, religion, and military affairs.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "TEXT", "data_type_definition": "A text string shall be coded.", "api_endpoint": "/api/general/polity-languages/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1820, "section": 32, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 183, "name": "Polity Linguistic Family", "canonical_name": "polity_linguistic_family", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "Linguistic family of the Polity.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "TEXT", "data_type_definition": "A text string shall be coded.", "api_endpoint": "/api/general/polity-linguistic-families/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1830, "section": 32, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 184, "name": "Polity Language Genus", "canonical_name": "polity_language_genus", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "Language genus of the Polity.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "TEXT", "data_type_definition": "A text string shall be coded.", "api_endpoint": "/api/general/polity-language-genuses/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1840, "section": 32, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 185, "name": "Polity Religion Genus", "canonical_name": "polity_religion_genus", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "Religion genus of the Polity.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "TEXT", "data_type_definition": "A text string shall be coded.", "api_endpoint": "/api/general/polity-religion-genuses/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1850, "section": 33, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 186, "name": "Polity Religion Family", "canonical_name": "polity_religion_family", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "Religion family of the Polity.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "TEXT", "data_type_definition": "A text string shall be coded.", "api_endpoint": "/api/general/polity-religion-families/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1860, "section": 33, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 187, "name": "Polity Religion", "canonical_name": "polity_religion", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "Religion of the Polity.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "TEXT", "data_type_definition": "A text string shall be coded.", "api_endpoint": "/api/general/polity-religions/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1870, "section": 33, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 188, "name": "Polity Relationship To Preceding Entity", "canonical_name": "polity_relationship_to_preceding_entity", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "Possible codes: continuity (gradual change), cultural assimilation (by another quasi-polity in the absence of substantial population replacement), elite migration (the preceding elites replaced by new elites coming from elsewhere), population migration (evidence for substantial population replacement), secession (from another polity). In the narrative paragraph explain the evidential basis for the code: what are the proxies for change? Examples include DNA data, isotope data, material (other than subsistence) culture, subsistence mode, symbolic culture (incl. burial practices), settlement patterns.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": null, "data_type_definition": null, "api_endpoint": null, "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1880, "section": 31, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 189, "name": "Polity Preceding Entity", "canonical_name": "polity_preceding_entity", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "<ul>\n <li><strong>continuity:</strong> continuity of culture and ethnicity. <em>Examples:</em> Roman Principate continues from Roman Republic; Hawaii III continues from Hawaii II.</li>\n\n <li><strong>absorption:</strong> the current polity added the preceding polity to its territory (e.g., through conquest, treaty, or dynastic marriage). The elite and general population are not substantially replaced, though cultural assimilation may occur. <em>Examples:</em> Roman Republic absorbed La Tène C2-D; UK absorbed Scotland (1707).</li>\n\n <li><strong>elite replacement:</strong> over 50% of the preceding elites were replaced by newcomers via conquest or migration. Also applies when external elites are introduced to previously egalitarian societies. <em>Examples:</em> Kassite Babylonia replaced Amorite elites; Orokaiva - Colonial introduced elites to Orokaiva - Precolonial. <em>Note:</em> Internal elite replacement via rebellion is usually coded as continuity.</li>\n\n <li><strong>population replacement:</strong> over 50% of both elites and general population were replaced. Typically involves major language and cultural changes. <em>Examples:</em> Oneota replaced Cahokia - Sand Prairie; Yayoi period replaced Final Jomon in Japan.</li>\n\n <li><strong>secession:</strong> the polity declares independence or breaks away from a predecessor polity. Applies both when the predecessor continues to exist (e.g., Ireland from UK) and when it disintegrates (e.g., Ukraine from USSR).</li>\n\n <li><strong>territorial consolidation:</strong> the polity unifies a previous quasi-polity through conquest or integration. Applies only if the predecessor had no political unity. <em>Examples:</em> Northern Song unified Five Dynasties; Tokugawa Shogunate unified Azuchi-Momoyama Japan.</li>\n</ul>", "data_unit": "", "data_type": "TEXT", "data_type_definition": "A text string shall be coded.", "api_endpoint": "/api/general/polity-preceding-entities/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1890, "section": 31, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 190, "name": "Polity Succeeding Entity", "canonical_name": "polity_succeeding_entity", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "This code is based on the core region of the current polity (not the NGA region). E.g. Achaemenid Empire's core region was Persia, where they were preceded by the Median Empire.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": null, "data_type_definition": null, "api_endpoint": "/api/general/polity-succeeding-entities/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1900, "section": 31, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 191, "name": "Polity Supracultural Entity", "canonical_name": "polity_supracultural_entity", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "Our quasi-polity are often embedded within larger-scale cultural groupings of polities or quasi-polities. These are sometimes referred to as 'civilizations'. For example, medieval European kingdoms were part of Latin Christendom. During the periods of disunity in China, warring states there, nevertheless, belonged to the same Chinese cultural sphere. Archaeologists often use 'archaeological traditions' to denote such large-scale cultural entities (for example, Peregrine's Atlas of Cultural Evolution). Note, 'supracultural entity' refers to cultural interdependence, and is distinct from a political confederation or alliance, which should be coded under 'supra-polity relations.'", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "TEXT", "data_type_definition": "A text string shall be coded.", "api_endpoint": "/api/general/polity-supracultural-entities/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1910, "section": 31, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 192, "name": "Polity Scale Of Supracultural Interaction", "canonical_name": "polity_scale_of_supracultural_interaction", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "Km squared. An estimate of the area encompassed by the supracultural entity", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "RANGE", "data_type_definition": "A Range of Positive Integers shall be coded.", "api_endpoint": "/api/general/polity-scale-of-supracultural-interactions/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1920, "section": 31, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 193, "name": "Polity Alternate Religion Genus", "canonical_name": "polity_alternate_religion_genus", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "Alternate Religion genus of the Polity.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "TEXT", "data_type_definition": "A text string shall be coded.", "api_endpoint": "/api/general/polity-alternate-religion-genuses/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1930, "section": 33, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 194, "name": "Polity Alternate Religion Family", "canonical_name": "polity_alternate_religion_family", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "Alternate Religion family of the Polity.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "TEXT", "data_type_definition": "A text string shall be coded.", "api_endpoint": "/api/general/polity-alternate-religion-families/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1940, "section": 33, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 195, "name": "Polity Alternate Religion", "canonical_name": "polity_alternate_religion", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "Alternate Religion of the Polity.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "TEXT", "data_type_definition": "A text string shall be coded.", "api_endpoint": "/api/general/polity-alternate-religions/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1950, "section": 33, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 196, "name": "Polity Religious Tradition", "canonical_name": "polity_religious_tradition", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "Religious tradition of the Polity.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "TEXT", "data_type_definition": "A text string shall be coded.", "api_endpoint": "/api/general/polity-religious-traditions/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 1960, "section": 33, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 197, "name": "Precious Metal", "canonical_name": "precious_metal", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "This variable tracks the role of precious metals as luxury goods in historical polities. It includes data on: the types of precious metals (e.g., gold, silver) used and traded, the geographic regions where these precious metals were sourced, and whether they were consumed or utilized by rulers, elites, or common people. This variable helps analyze the circulation, economic value, and societal implications of precious metals in ancient and historical economies.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "A/P/U/~", "data_type_definition": "[Present, Absent, Unknown, Transitional (Absent → Present), or Transitional (Present → Absent)]", "api_endpoint": "/api/ec/lux-precious-metal/", "who_can_access": "private", "sort_order": 1970, "section": 34, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 198, "name": "Luxury Fabrics", "canonical_name": "luxury_fabrics", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "This variable tracks the use and trade of luxury fabrics in historical polities. It includes data on: the types of high-quality textiles (e.g., silk, velvet, fine wool) produced or imported, the regions where these fabrics were sourced or manufactured, and their consumption or usage by rulers, elites, or other societal groups. This variable helps analyze the cultural significance, economic value, and trade networks associated with luxury fabrics.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "A/P/U/~", "data_type_definition": "[Present, Absent, Unknown, Transitional (Absent → Present), or Transitional (Present → Absent)]", "api_endpoint": "/api/ec/luxury-fabrics/", "who_can_access": "private", "sort_order": 1980, "section": 34, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 199, "name": "Luxury Manufactured Goods", "canonical_name": "luxury_manufactured_goods", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "This variable tracks the production and distribution of luxury manufactured goods in historical polities. It includes data on: artisan-produced items known for exceptional craftsmanship, their materials and designs, and their use by different societal groups. This variable sheds light on the role of high-quality manufactured goods in ancient economies and social hierarchies.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "A/P/U/~", "data_type_definition": "[Present, Absent, Unknown, Transitional (Absent → Present), or Transitional (Present → Absent)]", "api_endpoint": "/api/ec/luxury-manufactured-goods/", "who_can_access": "private", "sort_order": 1990, "section": 34, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 200, "name": "Luxury Spices Incense And Dyes", "canonical_name": "luxury_spices_incense_and_dyes", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "This variable tracks the trade and use of luxury spices, incense, and dyes in historical polities. It includes data on: the types of these substances (e.g., saffron, frankincense, indigo), their geographic origins, and their roles in culinary, religious, or artistic practices. This variable helps examine trade routes, cultural exchanges, and the societal value of these luxury items.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "A/P/U/~", "data_type_definition": "[Present, Absent, Unknown, Transitional (Absent → Present), or Transitional (Present → Absent)]", "api_endpoint": "/api/ec/luxury-spices-incense-and-dyes/", "who_can_access": "private", "sort_order": 2000, "section": 34, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 201, "name": "Luxury Drink/Alcohol", "canonical_name": "luxury_drink/alcohol", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "This variable tracks the production, distribution, and consumption of luxury drinks or alcohol in historical polities. It includes data on: the types of beverages (e.g., fine wines, spirits), their production regions, and their consumption by rulers, elites, or other groups. This variable helps analyze the cultural significance and economic value of luxury drinks in historical contexts.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "A/P/U/~", "data_type_definition": "[Present, Absent, Unknown, Transitional (Absent → Present), or Transitional (Present → Absent)]", "api_endpoint": "/api/ec/luxury-drink-alcohol/", "who_can_access": "private", "sort_order": 2010, "section": 34, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 202, "name": "Luxury Glass Goods", "canonical_name": "luxury_glass_goods", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "This variable tracks the production and trade of luxury glass goods in historical polities. It includes data on: the types of glass items (e.g., decorative glassware, colored glass), their regions of origin, and their use by societal groups. This variable helps explore the technological advancements, trade dynamics, and societal value of luxury glass goods.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "A/P/U/~", "data_type_definition": "[Present, Absent, Unknown, Transitional (Absent → Present), or Transitional (Present → Absent)]", "api_endpoint": "/api/ec/luxury-glass-goods/", "who_can_access": "private", "sort_order": 2020, "section": 34, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 203, "name": "Fine Ceramic Wares", "canonical_name": "fine_ceramic_wares", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "This variable tracks the production, trade, and use of fine ceramic wares in historical polities. It includes data on: the types of ceramics (e.g., porcelain, glazed pottery), their regions of production, and their consumption or use by rulers, elites, or common people. This variable provides insights into the technological and cultural significance of luxury ceramics.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "A/P/U/~", "data_type_definition": "[Present, Absent, Unknown, Transitional (Absent → Present), or Transitional (Present → Absent)]", "api_endpoint": "/api/ec/fine-ceramic-wares/", "who_can_access": "private", "sort_order": 2030, "section": 34, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 204, "name": "Precious Stone", "canonical_name": "precious_stone", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "This variable tracks the use and trade of precious stones as luxury goods in historical polities. It includes data on: the types of stones (e.g., diamonds, rubies, emeralds), their geographic sources, and their use in jewelry or ceremonial contexts. This variable highlights the economic and cultural value of precious stones in historical societies.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "A/P/U/~", "data_type_definition": "[Present, Absent, Unknown, Transitional (Absent → Present), or Transitional (Present → Absent)]", "api_endpoint": "/api/ec/lux-precious-stone/", "who_can_access": "private", "sort_order": 2040, "section": 34, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 205, "name": "Statuary", "canonical_name": "statuary", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "This variable tracks the production and use of luxury statuary in historical polities. It includes data on: the materials used (e.g., marble, bronze), the types of statues produced (e.g., religious, political), and their role in societal, religious, or artistic contexts. This variable sheds light on the cultural and symbolic significance of statuary.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "A/P/U/~", "data_type_definition": "[Present, Absent, Unknown, Transitional (Absent → Present), or Transitional (Present → Absent)]", "api_endpoint": "/api/ec/lux-statuary/", "who_can_access": "private", "sort_order": 2050, "section": 34, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 206, "name": "Luxury Food", "canonical_name": "luxury_food", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "This variable tracks the production, trade, and consumption of luxury food items in historical polities. It includes data on: the types of rare or high-value foods, their regions of origin, and their consumption by rulers, elites, or other groups. This variable helps analyze the role of food in expressing wealth and status.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "A/P/U/~", "data_type_definition": "[Present, Absent, Unknown, Transitional (Absent → Present), or Transitional (Present → Absent)]", "api_endpoint": "/api/ec/luxury-food/", "who_can_access": "private", "sort_order": 2060, "section": 34, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 207, "name": "Other Luxury Personal Items", "canonical_name": "other_luxury_personal_items", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "This variable tracks miscellaneous luxury personal items in historical polities. It includes data on: the types of these items (e.g., ornate accessories, personal tools), their materials and production methods, and their use or ownership by societal groups. This variable explores the diversity of luxury goods and their role in historical social structures.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "A/P/U/~", "data_type_definition": "[Present, Absent, Unknown, Transitional (Absent → Present), or Transitional (Present → Absent)]", "api_endpoint": "/api/ec/other-luxury-personal-items/", "who_can_access": "private", "sort_order": 2070, "section": 34, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 208, "name": "Human Sacrifice", "canonical_name": "human_sacrifice", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "Human Sacrifice is the deliberate and ritualized killing of a person to please or placate supernatural entities (including gods, spirits, and ancestors) or gain other supernatural benefits.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "A/P/U/~", "data_type_definition": "[Present, Absent, Unknown, Transitional (Absent → Present), or Transitional (Present → Absent)]", "api_endpoint": "/api/rt/human-sacrifices/", "who_can_access": "private", "sort_order": 2080, "section": 35, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 209, "name": "Power Transition", "canonical_name": "power_transition", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "<p>\n We are interested in cataloguing the relative stability of past societies as proxied by the transition of power from one ruler to the next. In particular, we identify each transition of power (from named predecessor to named successor) and record whether it took place through normal succession mechanisms (whether legal/institutionalized means or customary/de facto procedures) or as the result of a conflict.\n</p>\n<p>\n We are seeking to record this information across the Seshat sample of polities, subject to availability of evidence. We are particularly interested in documenting the ebb and flow of stability in particular regions over time.\n</p>\n\n<h4 style=\"margin-top: 0.8em; margin-bottom: 0.2em;\">Coding Instructions</h4>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>Predecessor:</strong> If a ruler came to power after a period during which the polity had no ruler (e.g. an interregnum), enter <em>“None”</em> in the predecessor field.</li>\n \n <li><strong>Successor:</strong> If a ruler’s reign was followed by a period during which there was no ruler, enter <em>“None”</em> in the successor field.</li>\n \n <li><strong>Contested:</strong> Was the transition from predecessor to successor contested in any way? Code <em>present</em> if there was a contest at any time from the end of the predecessor’s reign to the end of the first 365 days of the successor’s reign.\n <ul>\n <li>This is a general variable covering many possibilities, disambiguated in other variables.</li>\n <li>Also code <em>present</em> if the transition was contested in a way not covered by other variables (e.g. judiciary challenges election results).</li>\n </ul>\n </li>\n\n <li><strong>Overturn:</strong> Was the predecessor forcibly removed from power (e.g., assassination, forced abdication, or external invasion)?\n <ul>\n <li>Succession crises without clear lines of succession (e.g., Mamluk Sultanate) do not count as overturns but still count as contested transitions.</li>\n <li>Examples include: \n <ol>\n <li>The dynasty ends with no heir;</li>\n <li>A ruler dies and divides power, leading to civil war;</li>\n <li>No formal succession rules exist, and every transition involves conflict.</li>\n </ol>\n </li>\n </ul>\n </li>\n\n <li><strong>Predecessor assassination:</strong> Was the predecessor assassinated? Applies to any killing, including judicial executions (e.g., Charles I of England).</li>\n\n <li><strong>Intra-elite coup:</strong> Code present if either:\n <ul>\n <li>1. The predecessor was removed by an elite-led coup, or</li>\n <li>2. The successor was challenged by rival elites during their first year.</li>\n </ul>\n </li>\n\n <li><strong>Military revolt:</strong> Like an intra-elite coup, but led by professional soldiers or officers (not noble retinues).</li>\n\n <li><strong>Popular uprising:</strong> Rebellions where the majority of participants are non-elites.</li>\n\n <li><strong>Separatist rebellion:</strong> A region attempts to secede from the polity, successfully or not.</li>\n\n <li><strong>External invasion:</strong> Another polity invades. The invasion need not specifically aim to remove the ruler. Small skirmishes do not count.</li>\n\n <li><strong>External interference:</strong> An external force aids internal rebels (e.g., with money or arms). Can co-occur with external invasion.</li>\n</ul>", "data_unit": "", "data_type": "COMPLEX", "data_type_definition": "The data structure for this variable consists of several different attribures.", "api_endpoint": "", "who_can_access": "private", "sort_order": 2090, "section": 36, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 210, "name": "Instability Event", "canonical_name": "instability_event", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "<h3 style=\"margin-top: 0.8em; margin-bottom: 0.2em;\">Instability Events</h3>\n<p>\n A significant historical event characterized by internal social, political, or economic turmoil. \n This model captures key attributes of such events, including their types, intensity, extent, and reliability.\n</p>\n\n<h4 style=\"margin-top: 0.8em; margin-bottom: 0.2em;\">Event Types</h4>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>Assassination:</strong> Targeted killing of a political or social leader (not a private person) as a representative of a group or institution.</li>\n <li><strong>Execution:</strong> Killing of an overthrown ruler or faction leader via (quasi)legal procedures.</li>\n <li><strong>Coup d’état:</strong> Attempted overthrow by elites. Includes failed coups if deadly; includes military mutinies.</li>\n <li><strong>Terrorism:</strong> Politically motivated attack by individuals or small groups against institutions or society. Example: medieval Order of Assassins.</li>\n <li><strong>Urban Riot:</strong> Group-on-group violence within a city, often the capital.</li>\n <li><strong>Rural Uprising:</strong> Localized violence involving commoners (e.g., peasants, slaves) against elites or the state.</li>\n <li><strong>Separatist Rebellion:</strong> A region rebels with the goal of secession and independence. Can be successful or failed.</li>\n <li><strong>Revolution:</strong> Overthrow of elites with mass participation and ideological goals (e.g., regime change, constitutional transformation).</li>\n <li><strong>Civil War:</strong> Prolonged, large-scale violence involving multiple social classes across several provinces.</li>\n</ul>\n<p><em>Note:</em> Failed attempts count as valid events. Multiple types per event are allowed.</p>\n\n<h4 style=\"margin-top: 0.8em; margin-bottom: 0.2em;\">Extent</h4>\n<p>\n Geographic spread of violence across provinces, districts, or capital. \n <strong>Provinces</strong> = major divisions; <strong>Districts</strong> = sub-provinces; <strong>Capital</strong> = polity capital only.\n</p>\n\n<h5 style=\"margin-top: 0.8em; margin-bottom: 0.2em;\">Extent Involvement (choose: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10)</h5>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>1:</strong> Neighborhood or village</li>\n <li><strong>2:</strong> Small town or rural district</li>\n <li><strong>4:</strong> Single province</li>\n <li><strong>6:</strong> Polity capital or 2 provinces</li>\n <li><strong>8:</strong> Polity capital and 1–2 provinces</li>\n <li><strong>10:</strong> Polity capital and 3+ provinces</li>\n</ul>\n\n<h4 style=\"margin-top: 0.8em; margin-bottom: 0.2em;\">Intensity</h4>\n<p>Demographic severity measured by number of deaths.</p>\n\n<h5 style=\"margin-top: 0.8em; margin-bottom: 0.2em;\">Intensity Scale (choose: 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12)</h5>\n<ul>\n <li><strong>0:</strong> No deaths</li>\n <li><strong>1:</strong> One or few deaths</li>\n <li><strong>2:</strong> Tens killed</li>\n <li><strong>4:</strong> Hundreds killed</li>\n <li><strong>6:</strong> Thousands killed</li>\n <li><strong>8:</strong> Tens of thousands killed</li>\n <li><strong>10:</strong> Hundreds of thousands killed</li>\n <li><strong>12:</strong> Millions killed</li>\n</ul>", "data_unit": "", "data_type": "COMPLEX", "data_type_definition": "The data structure for this variable consists of several different attribures.", "api_endpoint": "", "who_can_access": "private", "sort_order": 2100, "section": 37, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 211, "name": "Crisis Consequence", "canonical_name": "crisis_consequence", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "<p>\n We define <strong>Crises</strong> as arising within polities, which we define as an independent political unit. Kinds of polities range from villages (local communities) through simple and complex chiefdoms to states and empires.\n</p>\n\n<p>\n A polity can be either centralized or not (e.g., organized as a confederation). What distinguishes a polity from other human groupings and organizations is that it is politically independent of any overarching authority; it possesses sovereignty.\n</p>\n\n<p>\n Polities are defined spatially by the area enclosed within a boundary on the world map. There may be more than one such area. Polities are dynamical entities, and thus their geographical extent may change with time. Thus, typically each polity will be defined by a set of multiple boundaries, each for a specified period of time.\n</p>", "data_unit": "", "data_type": "COMPLEX", "data_type_definition": "The data structure for this variable consists of several different attribures.", "api_endpoint": "/api/crisisdb/crisis-consequences/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 2110, "section": 38, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 212, "name": "Widespread Religion", "canonical_name": "widespread_religion", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "This variable captures the prevalence of widespread religions within the polity. It includes the most widespread religion, the second most widespread religion, and up to the fourth most widespread religion if available. The coding indicates the degree of prevalence of the corresponding religions in the polity, providing insights into the distribution of religious beliefs across the population.", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "TEXT", "data_type_definition": "A text string shall be coded.", "api_endpoint": "/api/rt/widespread-religions/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 2120, "section": 25, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null }, { "id": 213, "name": "Moralizing Supernatural Punishment And Reward", "canonical_name": "moralizing_supernatural_punishment_and_reward", "is_verified": true, "explanation": "Refers to the presence of moralizing beliefs and practices in any degree, whether enforced by supernatural agents or non-agentic forces (e.g. karmic principles).", "data_unit": null, "data_type": "A/P/U/~", "data_type_definition": "[Present, Absent, Unknown, Transitional (Absent → Present), or Transitional (Present → Absent)]", "api_endpoint": "/api/rt/moralizing-supernatural-punishment-and-reward/", "who_can_access": "public", "sort_order": 2130, "section": 28, "subsection": null, "private_comment": null } ] }